ANIMALS. 155 



sure, it may be doubled in those which remain. 

 Quadrupeds, and all the lower kinds of animals, 

 have, at worst, but the torments of immediate 

 evil to encounter, and this is but transient and 

 accidental ; man has two sources of calamity,- 

 that which he foresees, as well as that which he 

 feels ; so that if his rewards were to be in this 

 life alone, then, indeed, would he be of all beings 

 the most wretched. 



The heads of quadrupeds, though differing from 

 each other, are in general adapted to their way of 

 living. In some it is sharp, the better to fit the 

 animal for turning up the earth in which its food 

 lies. In some it is long, in order to give a greater 

 room for the olfactory nerves, as in dogs, who 

 are to hunt and find out their prey by the scent. 

 In others it is short and thick, as in the lion, to 

 increase the strength of the jaw, and to fit it the 

 better for combat. In quadrupeds that feed upon 

 grass, they are enabled to hold down their heads 

 to the ground by a strong tendinous ligament, 

 that runs from the head to the middle of the back. 

 This serves to raise the head, although it has been 

 held to the ground for several hours, without any 

 labour, or any assistance from the muscles of the 

 neck. 



The teeth of all animals are entirely fitted to 

 the nature of their food. Those of such as live 

 upon flesh differ in every respect from such as 

 live upon vegetables. In the latter, they seem 

 entirely made for gathering and bruising their 

 simple food, being edged before, and fitted for 

 cutting ; but broad towards the back of the jaw, 



