ORDERS, SUB-ORDERS, AND FAMILIES. 57 



. Body long. One dorsal, frequently divided into two, with 

 flexible spines in front portion, which has fewer rays than the other ; 

 anal similar to soft part of dorsal ; ventrals occasionally united into 

 disk. Scales present or absent. Teeth generally small, sometimes 

 canines present Infraorbitals not articulated with praeoperculum. 

 Gill opening narrow. Pseudobranchiae sometimes rudimentary. 

 Aphia, 70; Cry stallogob ius, 71 ; Gobius, 631069. 



. Body long or oblong. One dorsal, spinous portion with rays 

 as many as or more than the soft portion ; anal similar to soft dorsal ; 

 ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five rays. Lateral line con- 

 tinuous or interrupted. Scales cycloid. Teeth on jaws ; none on 

 palate. Gills, three-and-a-half. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchi- 

 ostegals, five or six. Acantholabrus, in ; Centrolabrus, 112 ; Com, 113 ; 

 Crenilabrus, 108, 109; Ctenolabrus, no; Labrus, 10410 107. 



LOPHIID^E. Body pyriform, head large. First dorsal absent or represented 

 by a few spines placed forwards and developed into tentacles ; ventrals 

 jugular, with four or five soft rays occasionally absent. Carpal bones 

 prolonged into arms terminated by the pectorals. Scales absent. 

 Teeth villiform or rasp-like. Infraorbitals not articulated with prae- 

 operculum. Gills from two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half ; gill opening 

 a small hole. Pseudobranchiae generally absent. Lophius, 47. 



MUGILID.E. Body oblong and compressed, fore part occasionally de- 

 pressed. Two dorsals, anterior of four stiff spines, posterior shorter 

 than anal ; ventrals abdominal. Scales generally cycloid. Head 

 scaly. Eye lateral. Mouth narrow or moderate; teeth fine or 

 absent. Gills four ; gill opening wide, Pseudobranchiae present. 

 BranchiostegaCs four to six. Mugil, 85, 86. 



MULLID^E. Body long and compressed. Two dorsals wide apart, with 

 weak spines : second dorsal similar to anal ; ventrals with one spine 

 and five rays. Lateral line continuous. Scales ctenoid and large. 

 Head convex ; eye lateral ; mouth in front of snout ; teeth weak and 

 various : two stiff barbules below the chin. Pseudobranchiae present. 

 Branchiostegals four. Mullus, 8, 9 



PERCID^E. Body more or less compressed, oblong, and not elongate. 

 Dorsals one or two, occupying most of the back, spinous dorsal well 

 developed, generally with stiff spines; anal similar to soft dorsal; 

 ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays. Lateral line con- 

 tinuous when present. Scales ctenoid or cycloid, rarely extending 

 over vertical fins Eye lateral ; mouth more or less protractile ; no 

 barbules ; teeth villiform, with or without canines. Praeoperculum 

 entire or serrated and not articulated to infraorbitals. Pseudobranchiae 

 present. Branchiostegals six to eight. Acerina, 3 ; Dentex, 7; Labrax, 

 2 ; Perca, i; Polyprion, 6; Serranus 4, 5. 



SCI/ENLD^;. Body somewhat long and compressed. Two dorsals, second 

 larger than first and longer than anal ; anal with one or two spines ; 

 pectorals branched ; ventrals thoracic, consisting of a spine and five 

 soft rays. Lateral line often continued on to caudal fin. Scales 

 ctenoid or cycloid, covering both head and snout. Eye lateral. Mouth 

 in front of snout. Teeth in villiform bands, palate toothless. Branchi- 

 ostegals seven. Sciana, 20. 



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