ORDERS, SUB-ORDERS, AND FAMILIES. 59 



XIPHIID^E. Body long and compressed. One or two dorsals, with no 

 spinous portion ; ventrals thoracic and rudimentary or absent. Scalej 

 forming rudimentary shields or absent. Eye lateral. Mouth deeply 

 cleft ; upper jaw produced into a long sword formed of the coalesced 

 premaxillaries, vomer, and ethmoid ; teeth absent or rudimentary. 

 Pseudobranchise present. Branchiostegals, seven. Xiphias, 21. 



Anacanthini (TELEOSTOMI) PLATES xvi. to xxi. Nos. 125 to 165 



GADID.E. Body elongate. Dorsals, one, two, or three, occupying almost 

 the entire length of the back ; rays of posterior dorsal well developed ; 

 one or two anals ; caudal usually free ; ventrals jugular, consisting of 

 several rays or filamentary. Scales cycloid, moderate or small. Gill 

 opening wide. Gill membranes not as a rule attached to isthmus. 

 Pseudobranchise glandular and rudimentary or absent. Brosmius, 142 ; 

 Gadus, 125 to 132; Lota, 136; Merluccius, 133; Molva, 135; Motella, 

 137 to 440; Phycis, 134 ; Raniceps, 141. 



MACRURID^E. Body with large head and tapering tail. Dorsals two, 

 anterior short, posterior long., weak, and continued to end of tail ; anal 

 similar to second dorsal; caudal absent; ventrals of several rays, 

 thoracic or jugular. Scales spiny, keeled or striated. Coryphanoides, 

 148. 



OPHIDIID/E. Body long. Dorsal united to anal, and occupying nearly 

 the entire length of the back ; pectorals often absent ; ventrals 

 rudimentary and generally jugular, but sometimes absent. Scales 

 present or absent. Canine teeth sometimes present. Gill opening 

 wide ; gill membranes not attached to isthmus. Ammodytes, 145 

 to 147; Fierasfer, 144; Ophidium, 143 



PLEURONECTID^E. Body flat and unsymmetrical. Dorsal and anal united 

 and long. Lateral line on upper side, single, double, or triple, and 

 curved or straight. Scales present or absent. Both eyes on upper 

 side, sometimes rudimentary. Gills, four. Pseudobranchise well 

 developed. Colour dark on upper side, white or lightly spotted on 

 lower. Arnoglosstis, 156 ; Hippoglossoides, ,150 ; Hippoglossus, 149 ; 

 Lepidorhombus, 155 ; Pleuronecies, 157 to 161 ; Rhombus, 151, 152 ; 

 Solea, 162 to 165 ; Zeugopterus, 153, 154. 



Batoidei (ELASMOBRANCHII.) PLATES xxxi. to xxxiii. Nos. 238 to 252. 



MYLIOBATID^;. Body flat, angular and broad. Dorsal small and situated 

 on tail ' pectorals skirting the sides of the body, but absent from the 

 sides of the head, except at the snout, where they form cephalic 

 appendages ; caudal absent. Tail slender. Teeth, flat molars. 

 Cephaloptera , 251 ; Myliobatis, 250. 



Body flat, rhombic, generally spiny. Dorsals, one or two, on 

 tail ; pectorals skirting sides of body and extending to snout ; caudal 

 rudimentary or absent. Tail with longitudinal fold on each side, and 

 without serrated caudal spine. Raia. 238 to 247. 



