Use of Cowry-shells for Currency, A mulcts, etc. 1 3 1 



mens of the ring-cowry (C. annulus) were found by Dr. 

 Layard in the ruins of Nimroud,- 1 and others of this form, 

 rubbed down on the back, were met with in graves at 

 Shusha, in Transcaucasia, associated with numerous car- 

 nelian beads, perforated animals' teeth, stone implements, 

 .and bronze and iron objects. " 



Another find of special interest was made by Dr. 

 Truhelka at the pile-dwelling of Donja, Dolina, on the 

 bank of the Save (Bosnia). Here urn-burials were met 

 with in under-ground vaults which contained the in- 

 cinerated remains of bodies and a wealth of grave-goods. 

 From the valuable nature of the latter it would appear 

 that the cremated persons were of great social distinction. 

 The objects comprised fibulae, beads of glass, amber, and 

 enamel, and other articles characteristic of the late 

 Hallstatt period. One of the chief objects of interest 

 was " one urn, which contained a necklet composed of 

 several hundreds of beads of amber, enamel, coloured 

 glass, seven cowrie shells, two perforated teeth, and a 

 large bead of clay without any ornamentation." '^ 



Dr. Schneider (op. cit., p. 115), quotes many interesting 

 discoveries of cowries in ancient graves, chiefly in the 

 neighbourhood of Danzig the great amber-producing 

 region. According to this authority they were found at 

 Marienhausen, in the government of Witebsk, where in 

 1879, so me SO specimens occurred in a grave, doubtless 

 belonging to Slavonic times ; also in old pagan Lithuanian 

 graves, at Riigenwalde in Pomerania, in the urn of a 

 " giant's-grave " at Stolpe, on the well-known Pomerellen 



21 S. P. Woodward, " Manual of the Mollusca," Reprint of 4th Ed., 

 London, 1890, p. 233. 



22 Verhandl. der Berliner Gess. f. Anthrop., 1892, pp. 566-8; 1894, 

 p. 216. 



23 R. Munro, " Paleolithic Man and Terramara Settlements in 

 Europe," Edinburgh, 1912, p. 473. 



