Appendix. 1 97 



is not stated whether they were perforated for use as 

 trumpets. 



In G. A. Wainwright's account of " The Excavations 

 at Balabish," 3 a number of objects are figured from " Pan- 

 Graves," amongst them the Triton-shell, apparently not 

 perforated, together with S trombus and other Red Sea 

 forms. 



These facts seem to suggest that in Egypt these shells 

 must have served some definite cultural purpose, such as 

 has been described (p. 33) in the ceremonies observed in 

 Crete and elsewhere in the Mediterranean. 



Amongst a number of pamphlets entitled l< Colonies 

 Franchises," published by Ludovic Baschet, Paris, without 

 date, there is an article by Max Leclerc on Madagascar, 

 in which is given a coloured illustration of a Triton-shell 

 trumpet, but whether it is " end-blown" or "side-blown" is 

 not certain. The picture suggests the former. According 

 to Ratzel, 4 the musical instruments of the Malagasies "are 

 eminently Malayan in character. The Antsiva or shell- 

 trumpet of the Malays and Polynesians is regarded as 

 very important. A great sea-shell, with a hoarse note, 

 which only kings may legally use, serves to call the 

 soldiers to arms." 



Rumphius, writing in the early part of the i8th century, 

 refers to the employment of Trt ton-shells, with a hole on 

 the side of the spire, as trumpets by the Alfurs of Ceram. 

 He also noted the use of great numbers of the white " egg- 

 shell " Ovulum ovum as ornaments for the neck and 

 hair, by the same people. 5 



In addition to the reference already given on p. 5 I of 

 the use of shell-trumpets in the Babar Islands in calling 

 down the sun-god to accept offerings, Mr. W. J. Perry has 

 very kindly sent me a communication from Dr. A. C. 

 Kruijt, of Posso, Central Celebes, stating that Triton-shell 

 trumpets are much used in almost every village of Central 

 and North Celebes. They were formerly kept in the 

 temple (lobo) together with strings of other shells. They 



* Journ. of Egyptian Archeology, Vol. II., Oct. 1915, pp. 202 et seq., 

 pi. XXV., f. 2. " Pan-Graves " are Nubian interments in Egypt and 

 may belong to the period from 2000 B.C. onwards. 



* Ratzel, " Hist, of Mankind," vol. i., 1896, p. 457. 



6 G. E. Rumphius. " D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer," Amsterdam, 1741, 

 pp.94 and 115. 



