198 Appendix. 



are taken on warlike expeditions and blown when an 

 enemy has been killed. Sometimes bamboo trumpets 

 are used. Some Toradjas say that bamboo is employed 

 only when shells are not available. Shell-trumpets are 

 also blown to warn the village of the approach of an 

 enemy, and at eclipses of the sun and moon, when the 

 temple drum is sounded ; also when the bush is set on fire 

 to clear it for agriculture. The employment of shell- 

 trumpets at eclipses recalls their identical use in Bengal 



(p. 36). 



Van der Sande, 6 describes and figures two types of 

 shell-trumpets in use in Dutch New Guinea. One of 

 these is made from the Trtton-shett, and is provided with 

 a circular blow hole on the second whorl of the spire, 

 outside the third varix ; the other is made from the wing- 

 shell, S trombus maximus, and has the blow-hole at the 

 apex of the spire, as observed by Moseley at Humboldt 

 Bay fsee p. 40). Both forms, according to Van der Sande, 

 were offered to him inside a temple, " but had not to be 

 concealed from the women. In fact they are also used 

 outside, as also reported from elsewhere, as instruments 

 of call, producing a very loud sound when blown. In 

 British New Guinea [Fly River] they are used also to 

 drive away evil spirits." 7 



In his " Note on the Use of the Wooden Trumpet of 

 Papua," 8 W. N. Beaver gives some interesting references 

 to shell-trumpets. u Naturally," so he says, " the coast 

 tribes use the ordinary conch shell as a trumpet, and the 

 people of the hinterlands obtain their shell instruments 

 from them in the way of trade ; but the further one 

 penetrates inland, the more difficult it becomes to obtain 

 shells." 



He reports the use of the conch, together with the 

 wooden trumpet, " among the Sangara on the northern 

 side of Mount Lamington, among the Huhurundi living 

 inland from Holnicote Bay, and among the Howajega, 

 Asingi, and Tohani, all bordering about the main 

 Kumusi River." In the trans-Kumusi region, towards 



6 Van der Sande, "Nova Guinea," III., Leyden, 1907, pp. 3078, 

 314, pi. xxix , f. 22 and 24. 



7 Ibid., see also Chapter II., p. 41, and Chalmers, in /ourn. Anthrop. 

 Inst., vol. 33. 



8 Man, Article 16, Feb., 1916. 



