RKELETAL REMAINS 71 



tin- Hint implements or C|I||H found aw4oclalcd \\ltli tin- HkilllH and hone*, 

 ami tin- mode of burial." 



OflHOKN. I't-ntHi-H \lti<in:in< . .Innniiry. I'.mT. I 'age .'":'.. "Tin- parts of the older 

 four iTMiilii found beneath tin* clay laxer an* of tin- -aim- t\p-. it lielng proba- 

 ble thai difference In age may a. mil for tin- slight differences In tin- <|.-v.-|..|. 

 nil-lit of tin- stipraorhltal rldg*^. In each tin- facial profile IH almost tin- 

 sail M-. . . . This profile Is seen to IH- of a mil h more primitive < li;ir.i.-ti-r. -in 

 rounding a hone with a inon> depressed frontal area than that of tli- -Knll- 

 foiintl alM>v> tin- day. luturtunately tin- hark part of each of these four crania 

 Is wanting, and until this ran ! --. nr.-"l through -nl>-e.|iient .li-. ..\i-rn- It IK 

 ini|Ntsslhlc to give an exact estimate of the cranial capacity or hraln weight of 

 this primitive man. Kstimatlng the hack of the skull as . I the sanu height as 

 that of the normal Indian skull. . . . we still have a very low cranial capacity 

 and a type of skull resembling that of the Australian negro, which is virtually 

 the lowest existing ty|M> known at present. While the supraorhltal ridge* are 

 not more pronounced than that of the Australian negro." the forehead is even 

 more recetlhu; and flattened. In other words, the (Minions of the cranium pre- 

 served indicate. -< far as they go, a man of small cerehral capacity, having a 

 brain inferior to that either of the Indian or the typical mound builder." 



Page 37. r . "To return to the recent discovery in Nebraska, the comparisons 

 which we are able to make now prove that thi- cranium is of a more recent 

 t\|N- by far than that of the Neanderthal man. It may prove to l- of more 

 recent ty|N. even, than that typified by the early Neolithic man of Kuro|ie. 

 Kven If not of great antiquity it is certainly of very primitive ly|e and tends 

 to increase rather than diminish the probability of the early advent of man in 

 America." 



(Ju.iiKR, l'n t mi in'* Minni ;in, . January. 1!M)7. In commencing the excavations 

 In the me. HIM! I mine, "at 4 feet IxMieath the surrounding level, upon what ap- 

 l>eared to !H a compact clay INI!, differing from the loess covering in which I 

 had leen working. There were visible evideii<-es of ancient fire. What I took 

 to In- a clay led burned into a semblance of brick proved to be the original top 

 of the loess hill. Fire had been built ii|M>n it. and on the ashes an upicr layer 

 of hones was laid. It was so hard as to resist the spade. I managed, however, 

 to make a considerable hole through the surface, and few Inches down I found 

 the up|N>r portion of a human cranium. 



" In drifting in another ditch, from the south side. I encounters! the same 

 stratum of baked earth. Fifteen feet from the Iteginning of the Hitch I cro*s- 

 sectioncd the mound from west to east and then cleared a circle S feet in diam- 

 eter. . . . This gave me a much lietter op|M>rtnnity to work from alx>ve tli- 1 

 Ixuies. KvidciH-c of tire above the IMHICK was very marked. The earth Itciicath 

 tin- ash IMH! was very dry and extremely hard, and I was pu/./.lcd not a little as 

 to how the burial had Itccn made. Nor was I able to tell precisely how the 

 skeletons had l>ccn laid, but ap|N>aranc<>s indicated that the heads l.iy toward 

 the <-cnter and that the feet radiated therefrom. Two seemed to have Ix-en placed 

 in a squatting position the femurs and spinal vertebne licing In a vertical 

 |N)sitlon close together. 



"The manner of burial diffcr>d radically from that observed In other mound 

 I had o|M>ncd in this vicinity and elsewhere It seemed that a lower stratum of 

 skeletons had been placed in the mound, ami Unit earth had then been piled 

 on top and burned to the consistency of a plaster wall. In another part of th<> 



' " It will IM* imdri ^l..,..| I hut -..in.- nf lln- I'xlNtltlK i>|'.-- f NH\ Hired mill nl.<i k'tiifi IIHVC. 

 tlirmiKli Miirvlvtil or d.-^.-n.-i al l..n. .1 -HIM 1 1. -r rninlnl i-ii|iM<-lly tlinli tin- nnr^wlnm of tin- 

 Kuro|N>an IV|H-K. Fr i>xni|>li-. tli<* llntm-mln Inilliitii of Itrnill are drcrllMKl an harlnR a 

 Terjr low typ4 of cranium." 



