50 A FIELD GUIDE IN NATURE-STUDY 



Tamarix indica: Tamarix 

 Taxus canadensis: American yew 

 Viburnum lentago: black haw 

 Viburnum opulus: cranberry tree 

 Zanthoxylum americanum: prickly ash 



Propagation. Shrubs are usually propagated by cuttings. In early 

 spring cut off a six-inch length from the end of a lilac, syringa, or raspberry 

 twig. Remove all buds except the terminal ones. Stick this in moist sand 

 and keep it where the temperature is not very high. Keep the sand moist, 

 not wet. In time the stem throws out rootlets and the leaf buds develop. 

 The new plant may now be set out in the garden. When the shrubbery is 

 pruned, in late winter, the twigs that are cut off may be kept to use for 

 cuttings. Cut them up into from four- to six-inch lengths with a bud on 

 each. Tie them up in bundles and keep in a cool cellar or bury until spring, 

 when they are set in the sandy soil in the garden until roots and new shoots 

 form. The soil should contain little organic matter. The school garden 

 may well contain a bed devoted to rearing trees and shrubs. The seeds 

 and cuttings can be obtained free of charge and the school grounds or even 

 the entire neighborhood be benefited. 



Tree distribution. Make a trip to some river valley bordered by hills 

 or to the shore of a large lake or ocean to note what sorts of trees and shrubs 

 are growing in the region. List the trees that you find growing chiefly in 

 the sandy soil, on the rocky hillsides, in the swamps, and on the river 

 bottom. As a result of your study make a diagram of the region studied 

 and indicate the names of the characteristic trees and shrubs of the several 

 localities. 



Lumbering. Read up on the lumbering operations and write out on the 

 following blank page the history of a tree from the time it is cut until it 

 is in furniture. Answer these questions on the blank pages following: 

 (i) How much of the tree is left in the forest as waste ? (2) What is usually 

 done with the trimmings? (3) How should they be handled? (4) How 

 much of the tree trunk is turned into lumber ? (5) What becomes of the 

 rough exterior ? (6) How is the lumber dried ? (7) How is the quarter- 

 sawed lumber produced ? (8) What is veneer and how is it cut ? (9) In 

 taking trees out for lumber which should be cut and which left? (10) If 

 the trees in an area to be lumbered are all mature should all be cut? 

 (n) What was the estimated forest area for the United States when the 

 first settlers came to this country ? (12) What is it now ? (13) How much 

 of the general timberland is held by the government ? (14) How much is 

 held by states ? (15) How much does your state own ? (16) How much is 

 held by large landholders ? (17) How much is held by farmers ? (18) How 



