1612 



SANICULA 



A. Fls. yellow. 



MSnziesii, Hook. & Am. Stem solitary, 1-2K ft. high, 

 brauchiijg ; Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across.rery deeply 

 y-51obed: fr. about 1 line long, becoming distinctly pedi- 

 cellate. C*if. 



AA. Fls. purple (rarely ijellowish). 



bipinn-tifida, Dougl. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of 

 opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled, 

 triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinuately 

 3-5-lobed. fr. sessile. Calif. 



AAA. Fls. greenish white. 



Maryldndica, Linn. Stem stout, lK-4 ft. high: Ivs. 

 bluish green, the basal loug-petioled, the upper ses.sile, 

 5-7-parted : fr. sessile. Atlantic to Rocky Mts. Com- 

 mon in woods. 



SANSEVIfiEIA (after Rairaond de Sangro, Prince of 

 Sanseviero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- 

 viera is not tlie earliest). Hirmodoidcert. Bow-stking 



Hemp. A i.'r,,us ,,r ;,Im.ui, Hi s -i,- fn.jii Afri,-a aii.l the 



East lii.lp-, ..( • ..c iili;ill>- l.h.l.r r..liai;.- |.l;.lits. al- 

 though Ih.iiiIiIiiI 111 ll.m,!-: rli i .-. unr ^li. nt . Hi-li \ . <. .me- 



fleshy, tin:., ..;■- .. !.■..■ 

 fibrous: 

 In oft. 11 .. 

 long: HI.:: 



they may lie raised fro 

 These cuttings form re 

 mouth, after which a 

 which produces the n 

 the cutting. Sans 



of 



lite, clustered, 

 narrow, often 

 1 a broad base. 

 i\' division or 

 loutS in. long. 

 itter about one 

 ud is formed, 

 distance from 

 Lilture and are 



well adapted to house decoration, since they do not re- 

 quire much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them 

 best. 



A. Lis. fjnt. 

 Guinefinsis, Will.l. Lvs. 1-.'! ft. long, 3-6 in a cluster, 

 oblanceolate, railiial, .link ^'leeii with lighter transverse 

 markings: scape with iiilion-sc-enee aslongasthe leaves; 

 bracts 3-4: fls. greenish white, about IX in. long, fra- 

 grant. B.M. 1179. G.C. III. 4:73. 



AA. Lvs. concave. 



Ze;l&nica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster, 

 sword - shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse 

 markings of a grayish white : scape longer than the 

 lvs.; bracts many: Hs. whitish green, 1% in. long. BR. 

 2:160.-Rarely blooms in cult. 



AAA. Lrs. cylindrical. 



eylindrica, Boj. Lvs. often .3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a tuft, 

 terete, solid within, dark greeu, often banded with paler 

 lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed : scape with 

 florescence shorter than the leaves ; raceme about 1 ft. 

 long: fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. B.M. 5093. 

 G.C. III. 10:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450. 



F. W. Barclay. 



SANTOLtNA (derivation of name doubtful). Com- 

 pdsita. About 8 species of shrubs or rarely herbs, na- 

 tives of Europe and Asia, mostly in tlie iMediterraiiean 

 region. Lvs. alternate, aromati.-: iii:..Liti^ iiil,.i.ii 

 lously dentate or pinnately lobc.l : il . i . . 



rarely white, of disk fls. only, n. ' ! > 



used fo 

 beddiui 





ally 



may lie lakiu' l..l..r. lr..'-.i jii ih. lall. They are 

 easily rooted iu sand. 



Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. incdna, Lam.). .Laven- 

 der Cotton. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched 

 plant, l}4-2 ft. high, with small evergreen, silvery gray 

 lvs. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in 

 summer: branches and lvs. canescent. Var. incJlna 

 differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent. 



5. alplna, Linn., is Authemis montana, Linn., which makes 

 a pretty ground cover and has yellow lis., Imt appears not to be 

 in the trade. F. w. Barclay. 



SAP 



SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- 

 P''>silie. A genus of about 4 species, natives of the 

 southwestern United States and Mexico. Annual, usu- 

 ally low, much-branched herbs, with "i.i...-it. . |.. ii..Ii d. 

 mostly entire leaves and sni;ill >..lit;iiy li. ...i- ..1 il-. 

 with yellow or sometimes whit. i:i\-: nn. I.i.i. -Ii..rt 

 and broad, of dry or partly lu-i l.a.- ...i- i.i.i.i-: i...]. 

 tacle from flat to subulate-conical, at I. . ■ ... i.nii it.- 

 chaffy bracts concave or partly coii.l. i ' .... n. ~ 

 all or only the outer ones thick-wall. ;i..- 



rays usually 3-angled, with the an:;!. i . 



rigid, spreading awns or horns, those . . t : I . . .hi . ' i . 1 1 

 flat and wiuged. 



procumbens, Lara. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- 

 ing about iu. high, trailing in habit: lvs. ovate, about 

 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow- 

 rays, resembling small Rudbeckias, less than 1 in. 

 across, numerous: akenes of the disk flattened and 

 often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late 

 autumn. Mexico. B.R. 9:707. R.H. 1860, p. 127.-Var. 

 flore-pl^no, Hort. A double-fld. variety coming true 

 from Slid, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. I860, p. 70. 

 Sanvitalias are of easy culture but prefer a light or 

 sandy s„il iu full sunlight. f. W. Barclay. 



SAP. The term sap is applied to the juices of the 

 living plant. Sap is composed of water containing min- 

 eral salts absorbed from the soil and organic substances 

 constructed within the living cells. The water taken 

 from the oil by the roots or other absorbing organs 

 may contain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, 

 iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. 

 As the fluid passes from cell to cell in the living 

 tissues some of the mineral salts are withdrawn and 

 used, and the water takes up some of the organic com- 

 pounds which have been formed by protoplasm. As a 

 consequence of this action the sap of difterent parts of 

 the plant is unlike in composition, and the sap of any 

 organ varies with the change of season. The water or 

 sap of a plant may comprise as much as 90 or even 96 

 per cent of its weight. 



The mineral substances enumerated aliove may be 

 found iu nearly all saps; howev.i-. tin- limits <.f tliis note 



organic substances which ur in ili. -:i|i "f various 



species. The more important .'ins m;.\ l.r Lci-.niiied under 

 the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates, and asparagin, or 

 perhaps some of the proteids or albumens. Many plants 

 have become valuable commercially because of the large 

 proportion of some useful substance which they contain. 

 Among these may be mentioned the sugar maple, the 

 sap of which contains over 3.5 per cent of sugar, and 

 the sugar beet and sugar cane, in which the proportion 

 is very much higher. 



Sap is forced from the living tissues into the woody 

 cells and vessels, and these serve as conduits in conduct- 

 ing the sap rapidly from one part of the plant to an- 

 other. The constant transpiration of water from the 

 leaves demands an enormous sujiijlv of water from the 

 roots. The uiiwanl liassai.'.- i.f this supplv would be too 

 slowif comlii.'t.'.l tl,r..ui;li lli.' l.vii,:; .-..lis. Tlie water 

 taken in bv the li\ ini;- .■.■IN ..!' il... r,...is i^ forced into 

 the dead(T'lls,.r tlir i t- :ii,.| is .liinvn ii|.«ard through 



irt of the 

 r of trees 

 ,s also es- 

 oil plant. 



The amount of sap exuded in the process of bleeding 

 is very great and may be equal to the total volume of 

 the plant in some instances. A specimen of Betula 

 papyracea gave off overt"! lbs. of water in 24 hours; 

 Aqiive Americana. r.'.."i ll.s. in -Jt hours. A vine may 

 bleed from one to tw.. j.int^ .l:.ilv, while the cucurbits 

 also exhibit very vi-..r,.i,s 1,1. ..I,,,-. A half gallon of 

 sap has been known to exu.le fr.inia tropical liana in 



ele 



It 



. be noted that the flow of sap from the suga 



