SPIBANTHES 



perate zone and extending south to Chile, all terrestrial 

 herbs, few of which have any horticultural value. Some 

 of the hardy species are advertised by dealers in native 

 plants and by collectors. Erect herbs with fleshy or tu- 

 berous roots': Ivs. mostly at the base or on the lower 

 part of the stem: raceme teiininal, twisted: fls. spur- 

 less, small or medium-sized; sepals free or more or less 

 united at the top, or united with the petals into ahel- 

 met ; labelluni sessile or clawed, concave, embracing 

 the column and spreading into a crisped, sometimes 

 lobed or toothed blade: poliinia 2, powdery. 

 A. Color of fls. scarlet. 

 colorita, N. E.-Br. (S. colbrans, Hemsl.). Lvs. ellip- 

 tic to elliptic-oblong, undulate, acute, 5-6 in. long: stem 

 2 ft. high: spike 3 in. long: Hs. and longer bracts scar- 

 let. April. Mexico. B.M. 1374 (as jYco^ia speciosa). 



AA. Color of fls. ichile or wJiitish. 

 B. Fls. in 3 rows: lvs. persistent at the flowering time. 



c6mua, Rich. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Lvs. 

 mostly basal, linear or linear - oblanceolate : stem 6-25 

 in. high, usually pubescent above, with 2-6 acuminate 

 bracts : fls. white or y.U..\visli, fragrant, nodding or 

 spreading, in a spiki' t-"' in, Iohl': lateral sepals free, 

 the upper arching and .onniv.-ni with the petals; label- 

 luni oblong, roundid ;it il]i> :i|..x. crisp. Aug.-Oct. 

 Nova Scotia to Miun. and suulh to Fla. B.M. 1568 (as 

 Neottiaeernwa); 5211. B.K. 10:823. B.B. 1:471. A.G. 

 13:407. V. 11:13. 



EomanzoKiina, Cham. & Schlecht. Lvs. linear to 

 linear-oblanceolate, 3-.S in. lonir: stem 6-15 in. high, 

 leafy below: spike 2-4 hi. Ion-: IN. white or greenish, 

 riugent; sepals and ].■ i:iN l.rojcl at base, connivent into 

 a hood; labellum olih.n- . l.r.i,i-l :ii tlie base, contracted 

 below and dilated at Hm a]M v . nisp. July, Aug. N. 

 Amer. B.B. 1:470. CC. II. In;ir.:,: 20:400. 



latiJdlia, Torr. Sti m l-l'i in. hiudi, glabrous or pu- 

 bescent, bearing 4-.^ lane, wlai, ..r Ml.lanceolate lvs. near 

 the base: tls. suiali: -.nai, and p.-tals white, lateral 



what unitial witli ila- prtais; laln-iluiii quadrate-oblong, 

 yellowish alu'V,'. hdi .a.nt i :aiiMl in the middle, wavy- 

 crisp, obtuse or tniiirati.. .hill. -Aug. New Brunswick 

 to Minn, and Va. B.B. 1:470. 



BB. Fls. alternate, appearing in a single spiral row. 



c. Ia'S. present at the flowering time. 



praecox, W.itson (,'^. r/raminrn. v.Tr. Wriltrri. (rrav). 



LvK. liiH.ar, 4-12 in. lonir. i;ra-.s-lik,. : sP-m pl-:!0 'in. 



hiiili, Klan.lillar-inila-s.a.nt ai.nv,-, Iralv: ^ink.- L'-,s in. 



Ion-: llv. whltr .ir ylloNvi^li. ^iirradin-; lajrral s.pals 



oblong, contracted above and dilated toward the apex. 

 July, Aug. N. Y. to Fla. and La. B.B. 1:471. 



cc. livs. mostly withered at the flowering time. 



simplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong tuber: lvs. 

 basal, ovate to oblong, short, absent at the flowering 

 time: stem very slender, 5-9 in. high: spike about 1 in. 

 long: fls. white: labellum obovate-oblong, eroded and 

 crisp. Aug., Sept. Mass. to Md.. B.B. 1:472. A.G. 13:400. 



gricilis, Beck. Roots clustered: lvs. basal, obovate 

 to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, mostly dying before the 

 flowering time: stem 8-18 in. high, bearing a slender, 

 many-fld., 1-sided ortwi«ted -ipike: fls. white, fragrant; 

 sepals longer than tin- labclliini, the lateral ones free; 

 labellum oblong, dilatid in Ironr. crenulate or wavy- 

 crisp, thick and gn-cn in iIh- mi. Pile. Aug.-Oct. East- 

 ern N. Amer. B.B. 1:472. A.li. l:i:4()6. 



Heinkich Hasselbring. 



SPIKODfiLA. Consult Lemna. 



SPLEENWOET. Asplenium. 



SPONDIAS. See page 1804. 



SPONGE TREE. Acacia Farnesiana. S., Vegeta- 

 ble. Lnffa. 



SFBAGUEA (after Isaac Sprague, of Cambridge, 



Mass., botanical artist, collaborator of Asa Gray). 

 Portulacilcew. Probably only a single species, a bien- 



SPRATING 



1707 



nial herb 2-12 in. high, with mostly radical, spatulate, 

 fleshy leaves and ephemeral flowers in dense, scorpioid 

 spikes, ninlaliat.'ly clustered on scape-like peduncles: 

 sepals J: p.iaK I; stamens 3: capsule 2-valved; seeds 

 8-JO. lila.-k, -luny. 



umbellata, T..ir. May be treated as an annual. Fls. 

 white, tinged with rose, in late summer. Sierra Nevada, 

 at 3,000-10,000 ft. altitude, from the Yosemite valley to 

 the British boundary, usually in sandy dry soils. B.M. 

 5143. -Var. caudioifera, Gray, is a subalpine form in 

 which the caudex-like branches extend for a year or 

 more (the leaves below dying away) and are at length 

 terminated by scapes an inch or so in length. De- 

 sirable for rockwork and edgings. j,-._ -yp, Barclay. 



SPRAYING (see Pomology], the art of protecting cul- 

 tivated plants from insect enemies and vegetable para- 

 sites by covering them with a spray which shall have a 

 toxic or physically injurious effect upon the animal or 

 vegetable organism. 



Historical Sketch. — The history of spraying is inter- 

 esting. The story of its progress in America differs in 

 details from the history of its development in Europe. 

 The main features in e.<ieh country are quite similar. 

 In both places insect enemies made the first draft on 

 the ingenuity of man in devising methods by which to 

 hold them in check. Vegetable parasites were studied 

 afterwards. It is a curious fact that, in the .-us.- of both 

 insects and fungi, in America, K..ni.> ..f ili.- iii.ist inju- 

 rious forms came from Europe an. I \vv,- ih. means of 

 directing attention to wholesale m. ili.-.ls .,f .Icstroying 

 them. Some of these enemies, comparatively harmless 

 in their native home, like the currant worm and codiin- 

 moth, have done more to forward spraying methods in 

 the United States than anything else. 



The lirst iuM-.-ticides u've.l ir; America, as well as in 



Eur 



body 



SUbstan.a-, u he'll l.a.l an iniDraniv , If.-, 



fusion^ wlii.'ii wrr astl-inyilll, alal .aiii^ti.- Mil. stances 

 which burned the tissues. Tobacco water and alka- 

 line washes have been used for many years. One 

 of the first poisons to be used was white hellebore. 

 The employment of arsenical poisons may be said to 

 belong to America, and even at the present time has small 

 place in the economy of fruit-growing in Europe. 

 The widespread use of arsenical poisons is largely due 

 to the influence of the incursion of the potato bug. We 



have no reliable records which give us the exact 

 date of the first use of Paris green. It probably oc- 

 curred about 1865 or 1866. However, towards 1870 Paris 

 green was used quite generally throughout the western 

 region where the potato bug first appeared. At this 

 time it was applied almost exclusively in the dry form 

 diluted with gypsum or flour. From potato to cotton, 

 tiiliaceo and Anally to fruit trees, is the development 

 of this poison for destroying leaf -eating insects. So 

 far as records are available, it appears that fruit trees 

 were first sprayed with Paris green between 1873 and 

 1875. Among pioneer sprayers, we should mention the 

 names of Dr. C. V. Riley, United States entomologist; 



