TERATOLOGY 



mon on conifers (especially Abies) ami some deciduous 

 trees. Similar deformations are sometimes due to in- 

 sect agency, or to unknown causes. For example, a 

 simple inflorescence may develop flower-clusters instead 

 of single flowers, e g , m the 

 common plantain 



i Piohfetation is continued 



.,1 Hth of the axis or the de 



\ el 1 iiient of a branch from 



I cints which usuallj 



I 1 f film or remain 



1 1 simple the 



I t i ixis of the 



11 I literated m 



1 tlit^ pistil but 



1 1 111 md straw 



r 1 I tl\ continues 



1 tl 1 li the flower 



I 1 me a leafy 



II 11 truit Pro 



hi I \ > occur by 



tl 1 »th of the 



\ tl 1 I] ict flower 



It 11 il 1 id of Com 



I 1 tl 1 velopment 



I 1 tl ivils of the 



Fig 24h2 bora 111 It 



ble by this s,ort t i 1 I ! 



have been found 1 1 II 



between the ^e 1 1 tl 1 i 



a third h tli tl I Tli \ at luit i ii 



raaturit\ W 1 i 1 t i us blanches show i ten 

 to Sep 11 it 1 It le\ elop roots oi w In n 



become 1 ill like > tl it the\ repro lute the plant 

 ily when sei irited the plant is said to be Mvipari 

 4 By vaiious causes cimplete iwii deielnpme 

 organ'^ (suppiession) maj occur or an organ in 

 ariested at an\ stage of its gtowth or he dwf 

 Correspondmgh extraordmaij .,1 itl f 11 \ 

 (hypeitroph)) is common Arrest || 



often asciibed to the influence I 1 

 these alleged causes «e m few c i || 1 



perimeut il e% idence Thus it 1 111 



that the absence of see 1 1 tl I 1 i me 



is due to the excessive 1 1 | I tl e fle 



these fruits but this is a ni \ t ' 



times spurs and nectarines I t 1 1 I | !• igs 2- 



TERATOLOGY 



1783 



2482 One rose growing out of another (on the left) 

 Example of pioliferation 



II Alteration of Form involving no considerable 

 change m nature or function of the organs 



1 Ffiftiatwii in steins (Fig 2483) produces a broad 

 ened and fluted form often curi ed in crozier like fash 

 ion. The apex is furnished with several buds (rarely 



only one), and the arrangement of the leaves is quite 

 anomalous. Fasciation is especially common in rapidly 

 growing stems when an abundant supply of both water 

 and food is available. Asparagus, dandelion and 

 suckei shoots insing from trees after topping or se 

 veie pinning fiequenth turnish examples Although 

 the fasLiated stem seems to ha've been formed by the 

 eaih unun t se\eial stems this is rarely the case 

 rathei the growing apex develops extraordinarily m 

 one (timsMisi ) dimension or organizes several buds 



/ ( th in stem parts which nonnallj 



iti t the unusual separation of the 



1 I tially noticeable when the floral 



le 1 1 \ nioie or 



less wileh sti inted This is 

 likelj to be accompanied by 

 transformation of the floral into 

 green leaves and sometimes bj 

 proliferation 



3 t^Hf?j(a;(7?o«*Mengthwise 

 produces apparently twisted 

 stems with 11 regular displace 

 nient of the leases Such dis 

 placement is especiall) notic < 

 able when it iftects whoih 1 

 lea\ es the w h o i 1 s hem., 

 stretched out into irre-'ul 11 1 

 rals Unequal growth 1 1 t 1 

 mensions bj the ti 

 leaf produces the 1 

 crispate leaves ch 11 

 of manv cultivated pi uits 1 1„ 



4 Lor tl defoimitiet such as 

 swellings tubercles md galls 

 of various forms u II 

 due directly to the ) 1 



tubercles on the roots of 

 \ ers peas and their kin are 

 ew out of the hosts of de 

 mities of this kind due to 

 nt pirasites and known bj 



Man\ insects either m the 

 course of feeding on plant '^«e^_^ _ 



luices 01 by laying eggs on 01 j^^j 



in plants, or b\ leason of the Example o( fasciation 

 tempoiarj occupation of the ^ ^^^^^^ „j AUanthiu! 

 part b^ the laical insect bring glandulosus 



about the foimation of galls of 



various kinds on Iea^es stem or roots The malf rma 

 tionsproduced ire of the most \ lued si | 

 thej aie meieh the pi luctnn rf u 

 of bans of special t 1111 sjinetinie 



' of 



if IS 1 11 



thl 1 ( 



a bud has the 1 unil ei t its sc xles ^1 1 1 



form a c ne hke gill or a flower is 1 



natuie is almost uniecognizable Tl 



IS almost as viri us as the insects an 1 | 1 



III lee 1 the s mie insect at different 



vel I 1 1 I t 1 1 I 1 luce galls of dirt 



salt I 1 I f MI rders of true 1 



Oitl I el I \europtera may pr 1 



tilth 1 u . 1 li mil er are due to th( 



flies ot the n ier Hvmenoptera The t, ill i| | les 1 il,t 



oaks the prickh galls of the rose the iiiegular blown 



swellings on canes of the blackberr\ and the smooth 



gall-apples of the willow leaves and twigs are well- 



