. Imrrows, roll- 

 -. ^ae Tillage. 

 "ik. as seed- 



! runing iraple- 



destniction of 



TOOLS 



American is inventive. Tlie result is that there is a tool 

 to expedite and lighten almost every labor. The effort 

 of each man is multiplied. Not only are the American 

 tools numerous and adapted to almost every agricul- 

 tural labor, but they are trim, light and comely in de- 

 sign. 



A tool is properly a hand implement 

 used to facilitate mere manual labor. ^ 

 machine is a contrivance, usually more 

 elaborate, that multiplies and transmit: 

 power or inotiou. Yet tools and humIhii. s 

 completely that it is impossible to jiiaK'' ;t <h!i 

 gory of one or the other. The wur.l ini|.|. m. i 

 generic, and applies to any iiitcritn ,ii,ii \ . 

 means of which a man aceompli-l. - ,< 

 The phrase "agricultural imjilin:. 

 tradesmen, usually refers to both i- 

 In general discussions the word tool ,. ,,-->•] 

 indefinitely, as in this sketch; but i , m ihi 

 not include complicated machinery. 



The tools used by horticulturists can be th 

 four general categories : 



1. Tools for tilling the Innd, n« pi 



2. Tools' to facilitate ^:. ..,, i 



ments, and most gn . ii||,,ii ,, , 



3. Tools or machines to f.ioilit;ite 



insects and fungi, as f umigators, syringes, spray 

 ing devices. See Spraying, Insecticides, Fun 



i. Tools or vehicles for transporting, as carts, bar 

 rows. 



In the multiplic- 

 ity of tools, one is 

 often at a loss what 

 to purchase. The 

 buyer should have 

 a definite idea of 

 the kind of labor 

 that he needs to 

 have performjed 

 and he should then 

 consider how well 

 adapted the tool 



may be to perform that labor. Once purchased, the tools 

 should be cared for. A tool shed orroom is the greatest 

 convenience and often the greatest economy. Labor is 

 expedited and annoyance saved if each tool has its 

 place. Every farm or garden should be provided with a 

 room that can be warmed in cold weather, in which re- 

 pairs can be made on tools and machinery. No general 

 farm barn is complete without such a room. Tlie care 

 of tools not ouly contributes to tlie lon^'evity and use- 

 fulness of the implement^ th. m -^ h ^ ~, i.ut it sets dis- 

 tinct ideals before the farTii.i- ^umI tli. r. l.y is ameans of 

 educating him. The greati-r thi- vaiirtx and the better 

 the quality of the tools the more alert the user of them 

 is likely to be. One should look up the new ideas in 



TOOLS 



1821 



appears to have been a forked or crotched stick, one 

 prong of which was used as a handle and the other as a 

 cleaving instrument. Prom this the hoe and the plow 

 appear to have developed. Fig. 252G. The hoe and the 

 plow are still the fundamental or primary tillage tools. 



-1^. 



2530. The perfected . 



ally what the other is for 



one being for hand-work* 



team-work. As the pbilosopliy of till:isp has come to 

 be better understood, i\,,-^.- t'..oN liavo l.oon o-roafly 

 modified and varieil. Ii i~ .nM.ii mi_' ioLin.\'. ih.n ih'o 

 plow was not perfcn. , . , , [is 



doubtful if the invom i.i, .■ ,,. i i : i..,::,,nt 



machines of modern tiiiic. h.-i~ t^ :ilh. iiii:iiii -o i h tor 



the welfare of the race as tlio birth of tljis Imiiiblf im- 

 plement. To manv persons is ascribed the credit of the 

 invention of the modern plow, for the implement seems 

 to have originated independently in different countries, 

 and even in America there are various contestants for 

 the honor. Thomas 

 .letferson, Charles 

 Newbold, David 

 Peacock, and others 

 have received the 

 honor. There is 

 reason for ascrib- 



the 



European 



tools each year as he does in markets or crops. The 

 advertising pages of rural papers are suggestive in this 



The original tool for opening or tilling the ground > 



type of plow to 

 .Jethro Wood, of 

 Scipio, Cayuga 

 itill used in Its improved lorms. county. New York. 



The years 1814 and 

 1819 are the dates of his most important patents, al- 

 though the latter is usually regarded as the natal 

 day of the implement. Wood was born in Massachu- 

 setts in 1774 and died in ISIS or ISfti. (See "Jethro 

 Wood, invent. .1- of tlo- Mo.loin Plow." l.y Frank Gilbert, 

 Chicago, bs.sii. ) Tin- siu.u- ..r |.|,.\vs is a .-urious and 

 profitable uii.l.-riakin-. aii.l .m.. ilial sii|| nocils to be 

 prosecuted. S..iiii- ..f ili. f..rn.s ..f |.|..\vs, ancient and 

 modern, are shown in i'i:,'s. 'J.'.J7-::o. 



The large-area faruiii.- ..f .\..rili America and the ap- 

 prehension of the ]iriii. if.!, s tlir.i un.lerlie tillage have 

 resulted in the invi-ntioi. of a Uv^r number (.f surface- 

 working tilhiu'o t.'.'K, 'I'll.-.' i)i\ . Ill i.iii - :ir. f.irri.it- 

 larly important ill ..i-.liar.lMi^. a- th.i . I, ' ■■ .. .r 



and Pomr)/o(/i/ 1 wjili a -mall ani..iii,i .'I \u< ..• .11 -: .,■ !i ! ...If 

 training the trees too luj;li. 'i'lnr.- ar-- n.. ,\ iii,ij.\ .ulii- 

 vators and harrows which cov.r a »i.l..s«aili ami wln.-li 

 are adapted to the light stirriiii; ..f il..- siirla. . -..il with- 

 out the turning of furrows and tin- ri.K'iiiu' ol ilo land. 

 Fig. 2531. One who is couteiiiplatiiin a seri..us 

 study of tillage tools should familiarize himself 

 with the inventions of .Jethro Tull, before the 

 niddle of the eighteenth century. Tull devised 

 mplements to facilitate the tillage of plants 

 when they were growing in the field. 



In hand-tillage tools the greatest recent ad- 

 vancement is in the development of the wheel 

 hoe. Fig. 2532. This light and simple tool, usually 

 with adjustable blades, performs the Labor of many 

 sets of fingers and does the work more effectively so 

 far as tillage is concerned. It also enforces better 

 initial lu-eparntion of the land in order that it may do 

 its work more perfectly; and this remark will also 

 apply t.. th.- iim.l.rn seed-sowers. Fig. 2,53.S. 



I'lif.'iiiiiiai. I\ . there is no recent American book that 

 dis.'iis-. s til.. primi|des underlying ;the application of 

 farm tools an.l machinery. Practically, our only sus- 



/ 



