1828 



TRAGOPOGON 



A. Flowers purple 

 pomfdlins, Linn. Salsify. Vi 

 Oyster Plant. Pigs. 2238, 2543. T 

 sometimes 4 ft. high when in \<V- 

 showy, closing at noon or befoi'i-. i 

 ceeded bv the involucre scales: pi'iUi 



hollow beneath the heads. S. En. Naturalized in many 

 parts of the country, often becoming a persistent weed. 

 See Salsify. 



AA. Flowers yelloiv. 



prattnsis, Linn. Goat's Beard. More or less branched, 

 3 ft. or less tall : outer rays exceeding the involucre 

 scales: peduncle scarcely swollen. A weed from Eu- 

 rope- L. H. B. 



TRAILERS. 8ee Vines. 



TRAILING ARBUTUS. Epigma repens. 



TRAILING BEGONIA. Cissus discolor. 



TRAINING. See Pninimj. 



TRANSPIRATION is the process by which water is 



TRANSPLANTING 



poviiids of water daily in the summer. A single oak tree 

 will throw 120 or 130 tons of water into the air during 

 tlie course of a season, and an acre of beech trees con- 

 taining 400-600 specimens' will transpire about 2,000,000 

 |i"unds in a single summer. 



To determine the exact amount of water transpired 

 by a plant, a specimen not more than a yard in height 

 growing in a pot may be used. Set the pot on a square 

 of oil-cfoth, then bring the cloth up around the pot and 

 tie closely to llit- stem of the plant. This will prevent 

 ev;i]>oi;itInii (xr. ].t from the shoot. Now set the pre- 

 pared |i].iiit .III dill' pan of a scale, together with a 

 sniail iiM ,i.iii in- -lass, and balance. Allow the plant to 

 remain in ih.' wiirni sunshine for eisht hours, then 



the 



IriMn i!ii' iiMi. rni ..N ,1 .in;i:i [■ :.i ., -i,.,c,i ,,1 any conve- 

 nient i)hint and thrust tlie base ot the stem through a 

 piece of cardboard into a tumbler of water; now cover 

 the exposed part of the shoot with another tumbler and 

 set in a warm, light place. Moisture, which could have 

 come only from the leaves, will soon gather on the glass. 

 Some transpiration occurs over the entire surface of 

 the plant, although only about one-thirtieth as much is 

 given off by a stem as from the same amount of leaf 

 surface. The leaves are specially adapted to carry on 

 this function. The interior of the leaf is made up of a 

 great number of loosely arranged cells which evaporate 

 water into the air between them. The air in the leaf 

 comniutiicates with tlu- atmosphere through openings 

 called stoniMta, whiidi .11- iji n- iiln |daced on the lower 

 vapor dif- 



fuses 



The stomata 

 lay completely 

 guard-cells is 

 a the plant is 

 ■; and they are 



- n.l.ipt them- 



TRANSPLANTING is a general term used to desig- 

 nate tlie ri-meval of living plants whereby they may be- 

 come estal)lisliecl in iien- quarters. Transplanting may 

 be performed when tin ilani i- m a d.irmant condition, 

 as in winter, or wln-n n ;; li ' ly growing. Small 

 herbaceous plants are n i- ;li nlv ones that are 

 tr.ansplanterl when in :i - l.iieu, and this only 



serves more equable 



e these 

 nuld be 

 quickly 



other 



per cent of the energy received from sunlight by the 

 plant is used in this important work. That an enormous 

 amount of work is performed by the plant in transpira- 

 tion may be seen when it is known that a single sun- 

 flower plant will evaporate a pint of water from its 

 leaves in a single day, and about seventy times this 

 much in the course of its development. A birch tree 

 with 200,000 leaves will transpire from 700 to 1,000 



itgs be 



ossful in humid re.;k,ii,.. :i.. m tlie Atlantic states, 

 than it is in dry regions, as on the plains and westward. 

 In the more arid parts of the country transplanting is 

 performed as little as possible, whereas in the eastern 

 part great quantities of annual and other garden plants 

 are transferred from seed-beds to the open ground. 



The successful transplanting of any plant depends in 

 part on the condition of the plant itself. The younger 

 the plant, as a rule, the better it withstands the opera- 



