1876 TURNIP 



The culture of Turnips and Rutabagas is very simi- 

 lar, except that the Rutabaga requires a longer season 

 in which to grow. The Rutabaga is nearly always grown 

 as a main - season crop, whereas the Turnip may be 

 sown very late for winter use or very early for late 

 spring or summer use. Usually the flat Turnip is not 

 grown during tli.- h.it w.miIhi- of summer. In the north- 

 ern states it is s..\mi frcm tin- iiiiddleof July to the mid- 

 dle of August for Uiir ( ro|., or on the first approach of 

 spring in order tliat tutors may be had for the early 

 vegetable market. The late or winter crop is ordinarily 

 used for storing in cellars and also for feeding, where- 

 as the early crop is often sold in bunches in the open 

 market, and later by the basket or bushel. 



The Turnips and Rutabagas are hardy; that is, the 

 young plants can withstand some frost. They are cold 

 weather plants and demand loose, moist soil. Usually 

 the seeds are sown in drills which stand from 10 to 20 

 inches apart. In the drills the plants are thinned until 

 they stand from 6 to 10 inches apart, depending on the 

 variety that is to be grown. For general field operations 

 the rows are sometimes placed as far as 30 inches 

 apart, in order to allow horse tillage. Sometimes the 

 late or winter crop is raised from mi/.1 sown broadcast, 

 but this method gives good results ..uly wlioii the soil 

 is well supplied with moisture, v.iy tlion.nL'lily tilled 

 beforehand and is free from wecis. >im.o siil.,vfi|uent 

 tillage is impossible. The seeds of Turuips and Ruta- 

 bagas are of similar size, two or three pounds being 

 required for broadcasting to the acre. When sown in 

 drills one-half or one-third this amount may be sufii- 

 cient. The yields will sometimes reach 1,000 bushels 

 to the acre, although the average is much less than 

 this. 



The Turnip needs no special care as to cultivation. 

 The greatest difficulties are the root maggot, which is 

 the larva of a small fly, and the flea beetle. The mag- 

 got may be killed by injecting bisulfide of carbon into 

 the soil about the roots before the grubs have burrowed 

 deeply into the tissues. In general field operations, 

 however, this treatment is impracticable and one must 

 rely on growing the crop in fields which are not in- 

 fested with the maggot; that is, rotation is the chief 

 recourse. The flea beetle may be kept in check by 

 spraying the plants with Bordeaux mixture, or perhaps 

 better by sprinkling them with Paris green diluted with 

 landplaster (one part by bulk of Paris green to 50 of 

 plaster). 



Rutabagas have firmer and richer flesh than the Tur- 

 nips. They are usually more prized for consumption in 

 winter, and Turnips are usually more popular in the 

 spring and early fall markets. Rutabagas are also more 

 prized for stock-feeding. They yield heavily, are rich 

 and succulent and keep well in niiy or.linary opllar. 

 Rutabagas started in the middle or lavt ..f .Tunc in tho 

 northern states will reach their full ^ro« ih l.y ( i.-tol.ir. 

 They are usually not harvested until loa\ y fro-.t^ liavc 

 come. The roots of Rutabagas anil Turni]is sonii'tiinis 

 persist through the winter, even though they have 

 been solidly frozen, and send up flower-stalks in the 

 spring; but unlike salsify and parsnips the roots 

 should not be left in the ground to freeze if they are to 

 be used. T. H R 



TURNIP, INDIAN. 



'ih 1)1111 . 



TURNIP-ROOTED CELEEY. See Celeriac. 

 TURPENTINE TREE. Syucarpia hiiifoUn. 



TURPlNIA (Pierre J. F. Turpin, a French botanist 

 and author). Celustracece.. About 8 species of trees or 

 shrubs from the tropical regions of the world, with 

 opposite abruptly pinnate or rarely simple leaves and 

 small white flowers in sprondin^- torminal or axillary 

 panicles. Fls. hermaphroilit. . n -nlar; .■alyx .5-cut, per- 

 sistent;- petals 5, rounili-li. -i-ih ; stamens 5: ovary 

 sessile, 3-lobed, 3-locuk-(l: tr. Milii;loliose indehiscent. 



argtta, Seem. A tender shrub: Ivs. simple, ovate- 

 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate: fls. white, becoming 

 yellowish. China. B.R. 21: 1819. -Advertised in S. Calif. 

 F. W. Barclay. 



TWISTED STALK 



TUEEfflA (Turra, 1G07-1G88, botanist of Padua, Italy). 

 Melitlctip. About 30 widely scattered species of tropical 

 trees and shrubs with alternate, stalked, entire or lobed 

 Ivs. and long white fls. in axillary clusters. Calyx 4-.5- 

 toothed or parted; petals 4-5, long and free; staminal 

 tube4-5-toothed; disk none: ovarv 5-, 10- or 20-loculed: 

 ovul.'s J HI >M-], \n,-u\,-. suiM-r]iox,d. T. heteropJiyUa , iD- 

 troi|tpi<! I'. >. riori.la l.\- jiia-Mii.'r Bros., is probably 

 noi ill .■uiiiv all,,,,. It Has sai.i t,, be a native of Natal. 

 Tl,.- Ilia, It (I, s,.,,h|.,i as y. I,, I, rophi/lla in Flora Capen- 

 sis was proliably imperfectly diagnosed and .should bo 

 known as T. fhribunda, as explained in the Flora of 

 Tropical Africa. 



A. Fls. solitary or in pairs, axillary. 



heteroph^lla, Sm., not Sonder. Lvs. more or less 



obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed above, varying to subentire: 



fls. %-% in. long. Upper Guinea. B.R. 30:4 (as T. 



lobata).— Hot cult. 



AA. Fls. clustered at ends of branches. 

 Qoribiinda, Hochst. {heteroplu/lla, Sond.). Shrub: 

 foliage falls away before flowering season: lvs. ovate, 

 acute or produced into a short obtuse point, undivided 

 or 3-lobed: fls. clustered at ends of branches: peduncles 

 and calices silky tomentose. Natal. ■\y_ ji_ 



TURTLE-HEAD. Species of Chelone. 



TUSSILAGO (Latin, tussis, 

 to the medicinal use of the Iv 

 longs the Coltsfoot, the fie 

 like the dandelion. It resemb 

 scapes bearing solitary yelk 

 of rays, but the sca|.r.s a,,- 

 smaller, lighter Colo,, 'I nl i 

 the "main crop" of < 

 up in the hot sii,i I i i 

 custom of dantUlioh ^'\ li- 

 hang their lo-aiN |ir. i, ,!•■ . 

 head of fru,i, Iml ii i- ,,,a : 



desirable for 



, cough, and ago; refe 

 s.). Vompihita. Hei 

 twers of which look 

 les the dau<lelion in h 

 >w flower-heads com 



have 



oy are heart-shaped 

 grow they become 



covered with a soft 

 toward the end of 



Iv considered rather 



offer 



for 



\:,i.M than III,' ,\iii. 7cx.s,7ro/c ^/-.o/cr/is, the "Winter 



\\. hi! , I r. II h s, which see. The leaves of 



III. , I II I I M. , I sed in making cigars which 



111 i.ii 'i I :, L.., nil- "I one species. It is more closely 

 ri'liiici lo l',,as,i,s than to Taraxacum. For generic 

 (lis,, i|, I ,,,,,. s, , (i ray's Manual and Brittonand Brown's 



llhlsll-alr.l Mol-a. 



FArfara, Lii,,i. Colt.sfoot. Described above. Spreads 

 rapidly liN on. I. ■ri,'i-ound stems. Fls. in March. Native 

 to Europ'c, India ami northwestern Asia. Naturalized 

 in America, (in. 'J:t. ],. 113. 



Var. variegita, Ilort., has lvs. margined and more or 

 less blotched with white or yellow. Gn. 37, p. 435. 

 Lowe 56. w. M 



TUTSAN. Hypericum Androsa:mum. 



TWAYBLADE. Liparis liUifolite. 



T-WIN FLOWEE. Linnwa borealis. 



T'WIN LEAF. Jeffersonid. 



T'WISTED STALK. Streptopus. 



