1886 URSINIA 



dissected into linear loDes and ye 

 heads 2 in. across: rays about LJ. 

 purple-brown at base: stem i,'I;ii ' 

 alternate: scapes nearly leafli---. 

 long as Ivs.: involucre 4-rowi-il; 

 size from the base, outer rows wUI 

 border, inner with a white scarious 

 P.M. 6:77. G.C. III. 4:356. Gn. 

 1843:445. 



border. F.C. 2: 



M. 



UTAH 



distani'p from tin- Ciifii.n increases, though still suffi- 

 ri, mil -1 M.iiL- f.. 1-1. \ . 1,1 till- cold air from settling and 

 I ,' " I - . ii 1 1 kid is their influence upon the 



! ■■ it is no uncommon thing after 

 ;, .,M.i I,:. Ml ,1, ,1. -ii iim or autumn to find that while 

 uh t.i;uiUUiwu.> ui iiii >li.stricts influenced by the canon 

 winds havu come through without injury, yet just 

 around a spur of the mountain out of reach of the wind, 

 the blossoms have nearly all been injured. Perhaps in 



CRTICA ( Vrticaceit) is the genus containing the net- 

 tles. For a. Caracasana, see Urera. V. nivea is 

 Ramie or Silver China Grass, properly ^osftmerjawircn, 

 which see. As Ramie is a fiber plant, not a horticul- 

 tural subject, it is not fully treated here, the student 

 being referred to the publication of the office of Fiber 

 Investigations, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. 



UTAH, HOKTICULTUKE IN. Fig. 2623. TVhile the 

 area in Utah dc-votiMi to Iruit-growing is very small 

 compared to the area of tlio whole state, there are few 

 states in the Union wliich surpass Utah in the number 

 of Isinds grown. Bogiuning in the northern part of the 

 state, in the vicinity of the agricultural college at Lo- 

 gan, the fruits of the cooler temperate regions flourish, 

 most varieties of apples and pears succeeding well, 

 many sorts of plums and cherries thriving and even the 

 hardier peaches giving a fair number of crops as com- 

 pared to the years of failure. The chief difficulties here 

 are, first, the short season, which does not admit of the 

 ripening of fruits that require more time for their de- 

 velopment than the Concord grape, for example, and 

 second, the great liability to late spring and early au- 

 tumn frosts. 



ThronL'),..„t thr ri,th-r. .t:,t,. fl,,- r,n,io:,! rainfall is 



verv M^-'-' ■■■'^' ■■':■■' !'■' I. ■:.■..■"■■' •■' iK. r,. i, fulls for 



the'iih. i - - .■■' ,!.■■;- - . :■ :■ lii- l-nu of 

 snow, ^-^ I.,..: i". ■■ : ■■ ■'•'■■ '■• ''• ilii- bor- 

 ders uJ: Ihu ;i:Ll.- \Ml II iiriL;:iih.i., ;ui.l llii- IS a factor 



which determines to a very groat rxtmt tlio sections 

 and even the particular localities devoted to fruit-grow- 

 ing. The conditions in the Cache valley illustrate this 

 point. This region is a mountain valley lying in the 

 heart of the Wasatch range of the Rocliy Mountains in 

 the northern part of the state, and is some 60 miles 

 long bv 12-18 miles wide. The soil of this entire valley, 

 with the exception o£ a few alkali areas and some boggy 

 districts, is well suited to fruit-growing, but the rivers 

 which furnish the water for irrigating all enter the val- 

 ley from the eastern side, and as the laud slopes from 

 both sides to the center of the valley it is impossible to 

 conduct the water on to much land that might otherwise 

 be profitably used for fruit. Artesian wells supply 

 water to some lands to which the river waters cannot 

 be brought, but here again the difficulty is that com- 

 paratively few sections of the state are blessed with the 

 possibility of having artesian wells. 



The earlier Mormon settlers of the state inaugurated 

 a system of irrigating canals, which, considering the 

 means at their couiiiiaii<l. wore wonderfully effective. 



northern part . ' •' • • • "1 srvcr;il othrr lariri' cor- 

 porations havr , I -iiius of iiiciio y in imttiiiL.' 



in dams and di. m- ■ . l->' moans of wiiic-li largo 



areas of land \\Ui~ li I. ad |,rt \ i..u.^ly grown notliing but a 

 good quality of sago-brush have been changed into good 

 farms. In order to increase the sale of these lands 

 many orchards have been set. These operations have 

 served as a wonderful stimulus to the fruit-growing 

 industry. 



In all the northern portions of the state where late 

 frosts are liliely to occur and injure the fruit crop, what 

 are known as tlie "caT'icpii winds," become very import- 

 ant factors ill tl,,- -no, -^ ,,r fruit |.lanliitii.ns. These 

 winds begin M- '111 In' ii-ut ri-lit ,.',■!..,■]; in the 

 evening and .■ ■ 1 1 - iM ■ l-i aiol until six to nine 



o'clock the noM nm: . Ih.y aio aim. .St as regular 



as clockwork, ilu) o..ioe li..iu tlio cau..iis and blow 

 with such force as to necessitate thick wind-breaks to 

 protect all orchards within a mile or two of the caflon's 

 mouth. But gradually they spread out over the lower 

 lands in a fan-shaped area, their force lessening as the 



S623. Map oi Utah. 

 Shaded parts show horticultural areas. 



time satisfactory varieties may be developed which will 

 bloom late enough to avoid this danger, but as yet the 

 problem of frosts is even more difficult to solve than 

 that of water. 



Another factor which has contributed in the past 

 toward restricting the areas dovotod to fruit is the 

 manner in which the early s. til. m. ni - in iln- -ii.ii- wore 

 located. The pioneers s.tili.i m ■ , . '■ man 



being allotted a small pioc,' .i| l.nl 1 ! !. h..iiie 



was built and the garden an. I -niini 1 .nun .n.ljard 

 pstnblishod. Then on the outslvai:~ ..L ilii.-. Mllat;.;, and 

 o\t. Ti.liiiu' s.. nil-times as far as ten miles from it, were 

 l...-,.t.-.i the farms proper, "which were allotted to the 

 r. si.l, iits ,,f ihi- village, so that even in what may be 

 oallod til.- sin.-tlv farming districts of the state the peo- 

 ple livod in Mliau'.-s and drove out to cultivate their 

 farms. Naturally tlio fruit plantations which needed 

 the personal ami .-.'nstaiit oversight of the owner to in- 

 sure a cr..|. ..r at 1. :i~t a harvest, were confined to the 

 plantation in tin- \illim.- im.l Iho farm Was given over 

 to grains ami liii\ .1.-1.-. It is .mly in the comparatively 

 few distri.-ts « 1.. n- iln- \ ill.i-.- s\ stem did not obtain, or 

 within iiii.ro r. .-. nl \ .-ars \i li.ii it has been somewhat 

 abandoned, that tlie larger available areas of the farms 

 have encouraged the planting of larger orchards. 



So far as most insect pests are concerned, the Utah 

 fruit-grower is neither more nor less fortunate than his 

 brothers of other states. It is true there was a time 

 when the somewhat isolated position of the state seemed 

 to warrant the belief that it would escape from the in- 

 roads of many of the pests which troubled growers else- 

 where, but with the advent of better transportation 



