VIOLET 



The Violet frames, which are eithe 

 movable, are made of rough boards, am 

 10 in. wide, of any desired length, fm 

 high in front and 18 to 20 in. high ;it 



best location for the frames is a pit 



jng to the south, with a wind-break f( s 

 north and northwest to protect them 

 the winter from the cold winds 



Maiketmg is one of the most mipoiti 

 tors connected with lomiuein il \ i< lit _ 

 and IS il I 111 111 1 1 t 1 111 ,11 n 

 The gn « i li iil 11 tli i ii_lil\ 1 



fi 

 diets aie pri; 

 cate perfu 



tion to the length of time th i p I 1 il 

 best market other things 1 eiii^ equ il i tlit 

 one which requires the least possible delnj be 

 tween picking the flowers and placing them in 

 the hands i,t the cu t. iiu i 



The <i I 1 1 li I 1 t I , I ,1 , 



wholes »1 I I 



Each nut I I i 



tages an I I i in 



grower niu i I . i i i i i _ i i i 



He must iii iin \ c nt li n i lli i luli kn «1 

 edge of till It iniiiiiieiit t th iimj t is i 

 gards qudit\ it tin ti \m i i/i liij . mil 

 arrangement < f tli I m h tiid li tild it ill 

 times exercise the utmo t care in picking packing and 

 shipping so thit the flowers may reach the customer 

 in the best and most attractive condition The kind 

 of bunch \ aries from year to year and each large city 

 is likely to have its own style. The various .styles are 

 wonderfully exact in their requirements and great skill 

 Is required to bunch the flowers properly. 



Diseases. The cultivated Violets are subject to a 



or pox, is the most widespread and des 



2691. Swanley ( 



number of diseases, each of which is characterized by 

 one or more distinct symptoms. The principal diseases 

 are as follows, their destructiveness being in the order 

 in which they are discussed: 



Spot disease (Altertiaria viola'). -This disease, 

 also called the disease, leaf-spot, leaf-rust and sniall- 



etc produce spots ver\ similir in outline ind appear 

 auce to those caused b-\ iUe>iuiini n hi but onh 

 under conditions peculiaih fa\onble to the e fungi do 

 they cause any serious hiss For recent information on 

 this disease, see ' bpot Disease of the Violet,' Bull. 23, 

 Div. Veg. Physiology and Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agric. 



Root rot {Thielav'iu basicola.). -This disease is very 

 troublesome and destructive in some localities espe- 

 cially to young plants that are transplanted during hot, 

 dry weather. It causes the lirowning or blackening of 

 the parts attacked and the final death of the plant. 



Wet rot iBotrytia .s/?.). — This fungus attacks leaves, 

 detioles, flower-stalks and flowers, causing a wet or soft 

 rot. It is sometimes very destructive, especially with 

 large plants growing in a damp, stagnant atmosphere, 

 where there is insufficient ventilation and light. 



Leaf-fading or yelhiwing. — This is induced by a va- 

 riety of conditions, hut as yet little that is definite has 



Remedies.- It is .Ijilinilt tn exterminate any of the 

 diseases named after thev mice gain a foothold. How- 

 ever, they can be held in check and often entirely pre- 

 vented by selecting and propagating exclusively from 

 strong, vigorous, disease-resistant plants, and by keep- 

 ing them in the best possible growing condition. Care- 

 ful attention must be given to watering, cultivation and 

 ventilation, and the dead and dying leaves and all run- 

 ners should be destroyed as fast as they appear. 



^Hi'mni .BHemifs.- Although Violets are attacked by 

 a number of insects and other animal enemies, only a 

 few do sufficient injury to warrant discussion here. 



Aphides (Aphis ? sp. and BJiopalosiplnnii violw).- 

 These pests are generally known as the green and the 

 black aphis or the green and the black fly. They cause 

 the young, growing parts to curl and twist, resulting 

 in a stunted, ill-formed plant. They w.ik tli.ii- w.iy 

 into tlie young, unopened flower-buds. :iii.l. tlnu-i Jul: 

 their liills through the overlapping petals, feed <.ii tlie 

 juice. Each puncture produces a greenish white blulch 

 on the petal and the flower becomes dwarfed, distorted 

 and worthless for market. Aphides can he easily con- 

 trolled by fumigating w-ith hydrocyanic acid gas, and 

 this is the method of treatment which should come into 

 general use. To each cubic foot of space in the house 

 or frame use .15 gram of 98 per cent cyanide of potash 

 for double varieties and .10 gram for single varieties. 

 Handle the cyanide and gas with utmost care, as both 

 are very poisonous. Divide the total amount of cyanide 

 into as many equal parts as there are jars used, which 

 latter should be one for every 50 to 75 lineal feet of a 

 house 12 to 18 feet wide. Put each part into a 2-pound 



