FITTOXIA 



riibro-venium. Veitch. Gumiiostcielnjiim VerschaffeltH, 

 Lemaire). Lvs. ovate, notched at the hase, dull green, 

 often yellowish, veined carmine. F.S. 1,'):1.")81. I.H. 

 10::i72.' Var.'Pea.Tcei {F. and 6. Pearcei. Hon.). Lvs. 

 lii:ht, bright green ; veins light, bright carmine ; under 

 surface somewhat glaucous. Var. Daveana iF. DAve- 

 ana, Hort.). Once sold by J. Saul. "Foliage with light 

 center, bordered very dark green." More robust than 

 the type and with veins of stronger red. 

 B. Veins while. 



argyroneilra, E. Coem. Lvs. dark, shinini; green. 

 F.S. 1(;:U1I54. Gn.SB, p. 527, and 2, p. 3i;i.-The vrlveti- 

 ness of the upper surface of F. VerschaffeltH is clue to 

 lurge, projecting epidermal cells with an apical nucleus. 

 Instead of these characteristic cells, F. argijroneura has 

 small cells and conical hairs, which are partitioned off 

 and have tubercles at the base. 



Robert Shore and W. M. 



FIVE-FINGEE. Potentilla. 



FLACOtjRTIA I Etienne de Flacourt, 1G07-1660, Gen- 

 er.il Uireetor of the French East India Co., Governor of 

 Mailagascar and author of a history of Madagascar). 

 Bijitme. This genus contains a spiny hedge and fruit 

 plant calleil the" Rambustan or Governor's Plum. It is 

 a dense-leaved plant with purple fruits, grown only in 



S. Calif. The whole order, witli it~ 2.i l- la and 160 



species, contains no plants "f -. ■ \.'i-pt a few 



.\.za.Ta,s and Aberia Caffra. -.I'l -pinyhedge 



and fruit plant. Lvs. short >i. ,.. , ...I: ils^small, 

 dioecious, in small racr-Tiip^ i.i -i'lm - , -. |.:il-- f-n. ^fab- 



PLORICULTURE 



589 



Aberia the sepals m 

 L'H,;rit., the Govern 

 Malaya and Madagasc 



/'. /,'- 



F. Franceschi and W. M. 



FLORICULTUKE. The cultivation of i)l.ints for orna- 

 mental purposes is known as Floricnltiire. The work is 

 limited largely to herbaceous orKiiiall plaiit-i. and i^ r..n- 

 fined for the most part to greeiili"ii-( s aii.l iitIi.i L;la~-i 

 structures. In this country H(>rirulturr d\d TMit a--iiiii.- 

 much importance until about Ih'J.'. I'lior to that tinu' a 

 number of firms were devoting considerable attention to 

 the work, but their field was so broad that they could 

 hardly be called florists. After the year named, affairs 

 generally were in a more settled condition, and there 

 began to be a marked increase in all lines of business. 

 The eastern states were rapidly increasing in popula- 

 tion and wealth, especially near Boston, New York, 

 Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and with this 

 increase came a demand for tlowers. 



Philadelphia was one ..f tli.- tir^t ritics in which Flori- 

 culture assumed impnrtan.'r. I'lii^ was due to the fact 

 that a great deal of wi-altli ha.l a< mnmlated there, and 

 the people theref..re lia.l tim.- and opportunity to culti- 

 vate a ^'^'■ 1' r ;li" I.. ;h)imhI !il the shape of flowers. 

 Phila!. : :' I I N. .due to climate and to the 



activ.' V , Ituralsoeieties which were 



organ! ■ i I . li to extend the interest 



alrea.l. I.I ,- .il ■' a .a-nter for Flori- 



cultu,: -iDiients were lo- 



catcl ! . 1 , . hind most of the 



FLAME -FLOWER. Kniphofia aloldes. 



FLAX. As fiber plants are treated only incidentally 

 in tills work, the reader is referred to certain publiea- 

 tians of the Department of Agriculture. Report No. 10 

 of tlie Office of Fiber Investigations contains 80 pages, 

 imhlished in 1898. Farmers' Bulletin No. 27, published 

 IS'.I."). is a suraraarv in 16 pages. Another summary may 

 be found in the Ye"ar Book for 1897. Flax is occasionally 

 cult, for ornament, and is therefore described under 

 Li num. 



FLEABANE. Erigeron. 



FLEMtNGIA (.lohn Fleming, Pres. Medical Board of 

 B.-n-ai: antlior of "A Catalogue of Indian Medicinal 

 Plants and I)iii-s"l. Leqnmiiiostp. This genus includes 



nv.i -lirul.s, ,-ulT. unly in S. (;alif. and S. Fla. Herbs, 

 suli^hiailis (11- shiail.s ,,f tin- ( IM Wauld tropics, erect, 

 |.r.i-fratr ..r twinini;: lvs. nmstlv with :i .iiLTitate leaflets, 

 raia-ly 1; sti|.iih-s n..n,. : tN. r.-d nr ],nr|. I.- and mixed with 



i : pod short, oblique, swelled, 2-valved : seeds spheri- 

 cal 



cong^sta, Roxb. Shrub, somewhat erect: If ts. broadly 

 lanceolated, the side ones2-nerved, middle one 3-nerved: 

 racemes axillary, dense, shorter than the leaf-stalks. 

 India. "Rich, ornamental foliage: fls. purple."— J^ran- 



F. strohiUfera, R. Br., has been introduced recently 

 in S. Fla. It has drooping fascicles of white pink-striped 

 fls. and large yellow bracts: lvs. simple, ovate, acute: 

 plant shrubby. 



FLOATING HEART. Limiianthemnm. 



other 



people 



From IS.'JO to 1840 much progress was made in all 

 branches of. the work. Rapid improvement in green- 

 house construction had been brought about, and many 

 facilities were afforded growers for beating and ventilat- 

 ing their greenhouses, which niatiriallv aal.-d in the 

 production of better stock. The rhan-.- tr"ni Hues to 

 hot water was the most important iiiiaivatiMn ..f the pe- 

 riod. About 1850 other imi.r..v.in. nt- «l,i,h had a 

 marked influence on the iii.ln-i!> ■ r. mn; in green- 

 house construction. Clili t a I, ' , i 1"- men- 

 tioned the abandonment .if 111. hi! II I the sub- 

 stitution of fixed roofs, th. u . ! . . ■ , . .1 glass, 

 and the bedding of th. -: I i ■ t j. lacing 



the putty on the outsi.h I i-ninyap- 



pear trivial at the pr.s,. I i . !i.i..i an im- 



portant advance in -r. ■ :. i i i In those 



early days tin- prin..'- .: _ n i . ittiowers 



were camellias. i :i.. r. . , . ' ■ ■.Mas, etc., 



and for bed.liiij i .purposes, 



fuchsias, gerai i -. 



By 1860cninii I I ■ I' 1. .:-ii. ' .i ; --11! 1 la.nsid- 



however, were .h v..t. .1 t.. many .liv.rse lines of work; 

 that is, thec.nntn.r.ial iL.t i-ts .,f th.> tune were required, 

 through the d.inancls of tin- mark, t, t.. grow not only 

 cut-flowers, but also plants f..r ..ii.am. i.t an.l for bed- 

 ding. Things went on for tlic ni..-t ].:.rt in this way 



]dant-growing, which continui-il nntil ah. ..it l.stis or 1870. 

 At this time plants of all kinds were in d.-man.l in pref- 

 erence to cut-flowers, consequently many new establish- 

 ments were started, and these devoted practically all 

 their space to growing ornamental stock. The rose, 

 which had come into general use as early as 1850, was 

 rapidly su|.i-rs.aliiiL' th.- .-anii-llia. ( ■arii.'iti..tis were also 



tion was ,l..v..t..l t.. hli.-s ali.l ..th.-r l.iilh..ns .-r.ips, such 

 as hva.-inths, tulips, ru-. Ahoiit this tiim- vi..h-ts began 

 to attract attention, and the introduction of the variety 

 Marie Louise gave an impetus to the work which was 

 destined to have a marked influence on an important 

 phase of Ploricultural development. 



About 1S70 there was a ti..tc.d in.'i-ease in the demand 

 for ■•nf-rt..w..rs. ami in a sh,,rt tiin.- this hnsiness as- 

 sumed imp.irtaiit i.r..]...rti..i,,. S0..11 tli..,.- «as a rush to 

 chai}i;i- fr.,m tin- -I'.'win- ..f plants f..r ..rnainent and 

 for beildiug to the t'.ir..nng ...f r..si.s, .;ariiati..]is and other 

 crops for the flowers alone. This demand for cut-flowers 

 had an important bearing on methods of culture and the 

 construction of houses, and it was found necessary in 

 many cases to modify existing nuthods and to change 

 the construction to suit tin- .l.-iaiii..!. .1 ih- tiim-. 



During the past twentvti\. ■ n.l for cut- 



flowers has been oonstant!\ n . - ' . .vliile the 

 same is true of plants, tlie il.-man.i ; 1 ;: ..■ . 1- has been 



