FUMARIA 



those who delight in herbal?. As an ornamental plant, 

 it is far surpassed by Adlumia. The genus gives name 

 to the family Fumariacea. 

 FUMITORY. Fumaria officinalis. 

 FUNGICIDE (see 5'ptoi/!"?) is a material nsed to de- 

 stroy fungi or to p-.h-hif \\-c\v irn^vtli. 1 In- IPading 

 Fungicides are in-^' 1- ' "' ' " -ninr .-r cop- 

 per. Bordeaux 11^. - ! '?'.' 

 the present tinii-. 1 .- inlate 

 of copper) and Imi'-, m v, ni. r. I!,.- ii-u,il InrmuM is 



Copper sulfate ';!]'« 



Lime . .-"'";• 



Water --^a" K^ls. 



The copper sulfate is dissolved in the water, and milk 

 of lime is added. In spraying large areas, it is better to 

 prepare stocli solutions for the Bordeaux mixture 

 rather than to make each batch in the quantities called 

 for by the formula. The sulfate of copper may be put 

 into solution and kept in this condition indefinitely, 

 ready for use. A simple method is to dissolve 40 or 50 

 pounds of sulfate in as many gallons of water, pulver- 

 izing the material and hanging it in a coffee-sack in the 

 top of the barrel. A tfallon of water, therefore, means a 

 pound of sulfate. The lime may also be slaked and 

 kept in readiness for use. Slake it into the creamy con- 

 dition familiar to masons, cover lifilitly with water, and 

 then close the box or vessel to prevent the water from 

 evaporating. When making the Bordeaux mixture, 

 pour the reciuisite quantity of the stock solution of sul- 

 fate of copper into the barrel, and then fill the barrel 

 half full of water. Now add the lime (which should be 

 diluted with water), stir, and add enough water to satisfy 

 the formula. In orderto testwhetlier the sulfate has been 

 neutralized by the lime, a little ferrocyanide of potassium 

 may be applied to the mixture. Placi- a sp....nful ot the 

 Bordeaux mixture in asaucer or |.l, It' u M ml,! iilropof 

 the ferrocyanide. If a red color i ' ■ nxtnre 



needs more lime. If the test sohii i .tlyto 



a tankor barrelof themixture.tli. . likely 



to be lost in the mass. An exie^^ . 1 n-inev the 



safety of the mixture. 



The Bordeaux mixture is used for many parasitic fun- 

 gous diseases. It is not only mimical to fungi, but it 

 adheres to foliage and stems for a longtime. Best re- 

 sults are secured when it is applied before the fungus 

 has become established. Bordeaux mixture is usually 

 more satisfactory when it has not stood long. 



The sulftite of cnpper is the active Fungicidal ingre- 

 dient of ilin rt. nb III ^ mi <t 111, , but if applied alone, in 

 water, hi ' ■ '' '-'■• and it does not ad- 



here Im I "' "f dormant trees and 



shruli- 11 II ' II III' -nice itcanbeusedstrong, 



and is I h. 11 I' V mi. m - i in i - • of fungi. Fur dormant 



The gn ,iti -t .iiiiiiictitor nf Bordeaux mixture is a 



sometimes used on oriitnii'-iit il pliiiit^ ami iienrly ripe 

 fruits, since the Bordeaux iiii\tiii .■ 1 1 ml' i -• tip m untidy. 

 Oneounceof coppercarbon It' will b.' ili^-'ih ' '1 1.'. 1 pint 

 or less of very .strong amnmnia This 'onceiit. tit, 'llniuid 

 can be kept indefinitely. When to be used, dilute with 

 8-10 gallons of water. 



Dry sulfur is a Fungicide. It is sometimes dusted on 

 plants in glasshouses for surface mildews, and it is 

 much u-i-'l in (Mlifornia vim-yards. It is oftenest 

 used n^ a \n|.'.r in li'in-c- It ^ni.-ared on the heat- 



FUNGUS 



617 



plant are seldom seen. That part which is usually ex- 

 posed to view, and which is popularly designated as a 

 Fungus, is merely the fertile or fruit-bearing part of the 

 plant. A mushroom is the fruit of a Fungus. The vege- 

 tative part, that which supplies and elaborates mate- 

 rials for the growth of the plant, and which, in a way, 

 corresponds to the roots and leaves of higher plants, is 

 hidden away in the ground, in decaying wood and other 

 organic matter, or within the tissues of other living 

 plants upon which the Fungus feeds. 



Both the vegetative and the fruiting part of all Fungi, 

 excepting some of the yeasts, are made up entirely of 

 microscopic threads, which are very much branched and 

 divided into elongated cells by crosswalls atirregular 

 intervals. These tbreadi 

 tative hyphas consid- 

 ered collectively are 

 spoken of as the my- 

 celium or spawn of 

 the Fungus in the 

 same sense in which 

 we speak of the roots 

 of a tree. 

 In the lower Fungi, 



such as molds and 

 most of the parasitic 



species, the mycelium 



is comparatively sim- 

 ple, consistingof 



much - branched 



threads which course 



through the nutrient 



material upon which 



they grow, or, in the 



case of parasitic Fun- 

 gi, either among the 



cells, or, as mildews, 



on the surface ot 



their hosts. At the 



fruiting time many 



threads grow out 



from the substratum 



to the light and air. 



These threads remain 



simple or become 



branched like the 



trunk of a tree, and 



finally bear spores at 



the ends of the 



threads or branches. 



Examples of these 



plants are the blue 



mold 



burning sulfur are fatal 

 to plants. L. H. B. 



FUNGUS (plural, /'hik?!.- ad.iective, /»H(70KS). The 

 class Fungi includes all those plants which are popularly 



known as niuvii m. .ir toaiKtools, puffballs, rusts, 



smut, molds ami mil. lews. 'I'liese, however, form but 

 a small part of the tetal number. There are many 

 others which are inconspicuous, like the yeasts, or 

 which are of no special economic importance and hence 

 have escaped popular notice. All the parts of a fungous 



879. A Funeus. 

 . mildew, showing the mjeelium 

 in the leaf tissue and the hang- 

 ing spore - bearing threads, 

 le blue Much magntftecl. 



n, etc., 



bread mold, and nearly all the Fungi 

 which form spots or awhile coating on leaves. The my- 

 celium of toadstools and other higher Fungi is of much 

 greater extent and more highly developed than that of 



olds 





often seen as a cottony weft form- 

 on posts and lioards exposed in damp. 



on sticks and 



(lecaving leaves in the woods. The white threads ir 

 tire-fanged manure are also mycelium. Perhaps thf 

 best known form of mycelium is the spawn in bricks 

 commercially known as "mushroom spawn." In na 

 ture the mycelium of these plants often forms^strands 



as much as an eighth of ' ' '" ^^' ' ' 



for varying periods of ti 

 ground, in decaying org 



netimes for years, in the 

 aterials, or in fallen and 

 i ready to fruit. 

 3f these plants is not formed from a single, 

 , but of many hundreds of threads which 

 e the substratum as a thick bundle or as a 

 m mass. The threads increase in length and 

 It many branches which become closely inter- 

 gradually building up the fleshy umbrella-like 

 or the hard shelving masses, which we know as 

 )ls, mushrooms, etc. The spores are borne on the 

 lower, protected side of the fruit bodies on gills or 

 spines, within honey-combed pores, or directly upon the 

 smooth, lower surface. 



All Fungi grow on living or dead organic matter. 

 They have no chlorophyll, and hence cannot assimilate 

 carbon from carbon di-oxid. H. Hasselbring. 



erect threa 

 appear aho' 

 tuberculifoi 





