be pushed along the ground. A horse is hitched to this 

 pole by a rope drawn through an inch hole about 4 feet 

 from the butt or ground end. When starting at the end 

 of the row, it stems that the straight pole would not 

 gather any brush at all. It is a question of catching the 

 first wad, and all the rest of the brush will cling to it. 

 At the end of the row the brush is hauled to a conve- 

 nient pile, where it is to be burned, and is dumped by 

 letting the end of the pole held in the hand revolve over 

 towards the horse. If the pole hits the horse, the opera- 

 tor will see that there is not enough stretch of rope be- 

 tween the pole and whiffletree, and more must be 

 provided. 



Tying is done by women, boys and girls, and cheap 

 men. The tying materials are wire, wool-twine, raffia, 

 willow and carpet-rags. The horizontal arms, at the 

 lower wire, are more or less permanent, and they 

 are loosely confined to the wire, always by string or 

 willow. The vertical canes, which are fastened to the 

 top trellis, are now commonly tied with annealed wire 

 of No. IK KauKe, and out in h-nf;tlis of 4 inches. The 

 ecoiioiii-- III M i:iL- I i:r -.-, iir- i - 1 li- -1 paich lu tylug, and 



the- I.: 11 cool days when 



light ; - , I 1 .if wire has been 



strt'iiii" i I ",■' ,-. ,,. ,,|,-, ... :i,n i. never used it. 



The .ili|. , n.in h:i- I I,- wire would chafe 



the .•.im — .. i';,i' ii:i I .1 iiid fall from the 



trellis. >.ii.'!i iiiiiiiii-. . r . .1 ml when they do 



it is S.I l.iir 11, ilii. ^1 , . -,, 111 : iiili-ils of the vine 

 are aiiii.:.' I.I li.ill ii i.. i^i. i .::,,,. Tliu cane should be 

 tied I.' r. i.i 1 i 1 I h.- wiru for the same rea- 



1 .111 the windward side of 

 1 : 1 1 . ■ . the operator stands on 



the ii|i|Hi-jii .1.!,. .,1 ih.. ir. Mis from the cane, and fol- 

 lows the movements .is ilhi'itrated in Figs. 970-973. 

 This operation puts on the wire with the fewest number 

 of movements, bmds the cane snug to the trellis, and 

 makes a loop that falls from the trellis on the following 

 season, when the cane is toin away. The tying wire 



the 



GRAPE 



matter. Grapes, like most other fruits, are iniluenced in 

 character by ditlerence of l.nati.ni. 'i'licre are many 

 more Concords sold than :.i. .1,. r \:.ii. ly. yet by the 



fastidious Grape eater it i- n : i . mm. ii.jr to many 



other varieties. Howev.r, , i i il, .m the public 

 most want, and is a gooil > 1.1.1. 1. it i- |.r..l.;ilily the most 



IS.. Id 



971. The second movement. 



profitable to plant. Forth, ii.-i i . ; i ;. 



wished that all their C.ii. •■ 



reason that the yield of tli.- 1 .n. . i.m i 



crop brought at least ten d'.liiii s p, i- i i 



in bulk. Perhaps this couditiuii is uuly leinpottiiy. The 

 Catawba is of excellent flavor; it is latest to ripen tiinl an 

 excellent variety for storage. When placed in good cel- 

 lars, and an even low temperature is maintained, but 

 not low enough to freeze, this variety will keep in good 

 shipping condition until the last of March and first of 

 April. These are standard commercial varieties in New 

 York and Ohio. Worden is excellent for a near-by mar- 

 ket, but does not stand long journeys well. 



Many fruits are better picked before fully ripe, of 

 which the pear is a conspicuous example. Grapes have 

 not that characteristic, for no maturing development 

 goes on after the fruit is Inirvested. As soon as the full 

 rill, .li 1 • I., lii.il III. 1.1 .11 r. mimIm il.tl liisliTs sli..uldbe 



970. Tying with wire. The first movement. 



should be thoroughly annealed, so that it can be easily 

 bent and give no springv reaction after being worked. 

 This wire is also useful in tyin- thorny shrubs to a 

 trellis when :, mitt. -n.-. I linn.l is n.M.,.ssary to hold the 



brandies in phi.-.- wliil.' tl ih.i- hiin.l makes the tie. 



To re.sinnneiiil yari.t i._s i~ a .liiii.-ult and personal 



principle of au ice house, but so arranged as to give free 

 access to the cooling night air, and to be closed each 

 morning to protect from the heat of the day. By such 

 means the temiteraturo can in time be worked iluwn to 



40°, which .-h.-.-ks ,.x.■e.-l^.■ .■■,:, j... rati. .11. 111. ■r.'l.y keep- 

 ing the st. in - Ml-. .11 ;iii.l 111.' Iniil ].iiiiiM.. TIm- is the 



ideal mell,...!, l.m l- Im- lr..iii I - i,.i:iin..l ..t .^ven 



sought in ni:iii\ Ini-r. 



tice is I'l.r 1M..M .•!.. . i' ■■ 



{N.Y.lalMi,.' 



district, ii 



thi. 



in the Lake Keuka 

 an in the Chautauqua 

 ■ Concords are stored 

 condition during No- 

 .s .iiiciiiLr the balance 



'I.. I.-. lit is sent al- 

 1. This direet- 



' . i. much to the 



l'i-..iii l^',.;; t., IHIII) the price of (Jrapes steadily de- 

 clin.'l. I'll. I \', iih the decline came a casting about for 



111.:. IIS ii. mize in harvesting. One of the wtivs de- 



Yel.i|.,sl l..w;ii-.ls that end has been to require that the 

 woman who pticks sln.ilil ii. . . n .■ li.r d.-iilv output from 

 80 9-pound bask, i i ' .M.iiiini fulfilled the 



requirements wiili i . har.l. r in one case 



than the other. Tin mi .i . . m ili.. expense of qual- 

 ity of packing, whi. h ai lir^i «a,s at the expense of the 

 consumer or shipper, l)Ut iu the final outcome resulted 

 in less demand for the Grapes. The public may be 

 fooled part of the time, but sooner or later smart prac- 



