712 



HARRIS 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 



he resumed them again until the increasing demands of 

 his seed business upon his time pri-venteil him trom 

 continuing them. In all there w^ i- 1,1 rli.ij.iris. It is 

 to be regretted that these "Walk 1 I , i :>M^never 



been published in book form, :- ■ u deci- 



dedly unique ti-aturcinourasii'iiii Hill .i;. t dui.-. These 

 articles were wriilm in th.- foiiii ot cunversutinns with 

 the "Deacon." \\U" \\ as hi^ niiirhbor andoneof the oldest 

 farmers in tli.' toun, ■.ni<\ wit, as has often been sup- 

 posed, a fli'tiii.Mis rliaii.Nr. Thoy are narratives of 

 actual experiuucL-s uii iln (-.nn. n-i'i talks about things 

 that occupied his thunu!;! ■ ! ] 'r- ; i m-', and have, there- 

 fore, an intensely pi-h i - , . ,■ ihroughout. He 

 lets the Duacon state i' ', . i u poor business, 

 and then patiently talk ^ lnin 'in ^.; n , ;iud convinces him 

 that the only farming that pays is"lii(,'h farming," mak- 

 ing a garden of the entire farm. He cherished the idea 

 that the intelligent farmer must put his questions to 

 the soil and not to his neighbor, and then have the 

 patience to wait and read the answers when they come. 

 He had an abiding belief in manures and clean laml, 

 and in all his writings he earnestly endeavored to im- 

 press upon his readers that the real source of fertility 

 must be looked for in the stores of plant-food lying 

 dormant in the soil, and that tillage, underdraining and 

 thorough cultivation are the means by vi-hich we develop 

 and render this plant-food available, and that the real 

 basis of success is faith accompanied by good works. 

 His books, "Harris on the Pig," "Talks on Manures," 

 and "The Use of Nitrate of Soda" are all of the same 

 practical stamp. His last book, "Gardening for Young 

 and Old," as its title indicates, is intended as a guide 

 for the boy and his grandfather at the same time, but 

 with the mental reservation that it should be principally 

 for the young folks. Mr. Harris realized the need of 

 more gardening and better gardeners, and had strong 

 faith in the promising future of seed-growing in this 

 country. In the development of these industries he saw 

 bright opportunities for the boys, because they were 

 young and could afford to wait, and especially because 

 they would be more liable to adopt new processes. In this 

 work he makes a strong plea for a more general cultiva- 

 tion of flowers, losing no opportunity to convince the 

 reader that the beauty of flowers elevates the tastes, and 

 their cultivation gives health and pleasure. These and 

 similar sentiments pervade all his writings, and may 

 well serve as a keynote to his life's aim. Whatever 

 work he undertook he did with a full heart and convinc- 

 ing earnestness. His writings and teachings have left 

 an indelible impress upon legions of cultivators of the 

 soil, because he was sound in principle and honest in his 

 convictions. In summing up his life-work, it is safe to 

 assert that no one has done more in this country to 

 dignify rational and profitable agriculture and horti- 

 culture than Joseph Harris. f. m. Hexamer. 



HABTWfiGIA (Theodor Hartweg collected in Mexico 

 for the Horticultural Society of London, and found these 

 plants near Vera Cruz). OrchidAceie. A genus of 2 

 species of tender epiphytic orchids from tropical Amer- 

 ica, growing about a foot high and bearing purple lis. 

 The genus has the habit of Epidendrum, section Am- 

 phiglottis, but difli'ers in having the labellum saccate at 

 the base, in which respect the genus approaches Po- 

 nera ; however, Ponera has a very different habit. IT. 

 piirimrca was once advertised by John Saul. Rest them 

 in a coolhouse Oct. to Mar. Growing temperature 

 should be 05-90°. 



purpiirea, Lind. Lvs. solitary, leathery, ovate-lanceo- 

 late, equally terete with the stem, many times shorter 

 than the thread-like peduncle: fls. small, purple; sepals 

 acute, a little larger than the petals; limb of the lip 

 white at the base, callous. Mex. 



HASSOCK GRASS. Consult Vescha 



mpsf 



JI 



HARVEST BELLS. Gemiuna PncumoHanlhe. 



HASTlNGSIA (S. Clinton Hastings, promoter of Cali- 

 foruian botany). LHii\rett;. Two bulbous plants of the 

 Pacific slope, with white or greenish Hs. in many-fld. 

 panicles or racemes : perianth segments distinct, each 

 obscurely :i-nerved; stamens (i; styleshort. Hastingsias 

 have strong, nearly naked stems, arising from a scaly 

 bulb: lvs. thick. The two .species are offered by collec- 

 tors, but they are little known in cult. Treatment as 

 forCamassia. H. Alba, Wats., is 2-,') ft. high: lvs. Kin. 

 or less wide : raceme simple or nearly so, 1 ft. long, 

 densely fld., the fls. !^in. or less long, white or greenish 

 white; stamens equaling the segments. N. Calif, north- 

 ward. H. bractebsa, Wats. Bracts narrow and nearly 

 equaling the fls., which are larger than in the other, and 

 white; stamens half as long as segments: lvs. longer. 

 Oregon- L. H. B. 



HAW, or HAWTHORN. Consult Cratmjus. 



HAW, BLACK. Vihunuim pruuiMium. 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 

 1020. The group known as ihr Hawaiian or Sandwich 

 Islands is located about 2. inn i,,il, - n.in San Francisco, 

 in a southwesterly directic.ri. Ii h.^ i.ii\v.eM the paral- 

 lels 18° 50' and 23° 5' nortli laiiiinli' aiel between the 

 meridians 150° 40' and 100° 50' west longitude. 



Area. — The five most important islands have an area 

 of about 6,200 square miles, or rather less than that of 

 Massachusetts, and extend about 380 miles from north- 

 west to southeast. 



Climates. — It i- lianlly ji-.s-iMe to speak of the cli- 

 mate of Hawaii (a> llie wIim],. -r, ,ii|, is sometimes culled), 

 for there are so niaiiy diili i, nl climates in this small 

 area. The extent . i t'r. i ii'ifill, for example, which 

 forms so imporlani ■ i he horticultural condi- 



tions of a count r., ■ ! liferent in different re- 



gions and even in nn a few miles of each 



other. Toundiisi !,i ■ .■ ■■: i i i.- conditions, it is nec- 

 essary to recall tliai ili- .■ i lands are of volcanic for- 

 mation, their central |.art , ami the larger part of their 

 area being occupinl l,\ in_;.:r.l aud high mountains, 

 with valleys lyinf,' l.i iwr. ii the ranges and narrow 

 plains near the coast. Being in the path of the north- 

 east trade winds, the windward side of the islands re- 

 ceives an abundant rainfall throughout the year, while 

 the southwest shores are comparatively dry. Thus, at 

 Honolulu, on the southwest shore of ( lahu, the annual 

 rainfall averages about 3s in'-lirv. v,):iir- iliat of the city 

 of Hilo, on the windward sih -l thi i-lan.lof Hawaii, 

 measures 12 feet. Even wiiliin ti '. i t\ narrow range, as, 

 for exam,)le. the liniils ,.f the eity nf' ILjnululu. there is • 

 great \iii-i' i . it t a :i t .11. ei-rtain localities receiving fre- 

 quent itii r , i I the year, while others only two 

 or three I : ; li I ,1 pr.ictico irrigation constantly. 

 Some ef til. : I. : t 1 1 a r-eano plantations depend wholly 

 upon the jnittirtd sujiply of water, while others could 

 not grow cane at all without their expensive systems of 

 artesian wells and irrigation. 



Similarly there is a great variation in the temperature 

 in dilYi'rent ]iarts of this small but important countr}', 

 hut exei i.ilini;ly slight Variations with the changing sea- 

 sniis. 'I'he w itnhvard side is cooler than that which is 

 sheltered hy the mountains, butinno part of the islands 

 is the lietit su intense as would be expected from their 



variation in elevation from sea level to many thousand 

 feet gives a like variation in temperature, so that some 

 of the mountains of the largest island are covered with 

 snow during a part of the year. In short, so far as cli- 

 mate is concerned, the Hawaiian Islands offer all that 

 could be asked for great and diversified horticultural 

 industries. 



Horticultural Districts. — Only a small percentage 

 of the total area of the country is suitable fur cultiva- 

 tion. The tillable portions are, in general, the plains 

 along the coast and the valleys among the mountains. 

 By far the larger part of such lands is now occu- 

 pied by sugar-cane plantations, which are to he 

 found on every important island of the group. There 



