(56 



HORTICULTURE 



the entire range. It is only those who look fur princi- 

 ples who survey the whole field. Practitioners must 

 confine themselves to rather close hounds. Consider 

 that no less than 2.'),000 species of plants are in cultiva- 

 tion, each having its own requirements. Consider the 

 great number of species which are actually on sale in 

 North America, as registered in this Cyclopedia. The 

 most important species vary immensely, the named and 

 recorded forms often running into the thousands; and 

 each of thf^r fnrm^ Iiax particular merits and often par- 

 ticular n-i|iMriiii.iii^, irinsider that the requirements 

 are likely to I „ ,|iii,,,iii iu any two places, and that the 



plants art- |H"i.iiiriill\ lilied by changes in conditions 



or in trcatiiicTii. i in-ili r the vagaries of markets, 

 which are ruled l>y qm-stiuns of fancy more than by 

 questions of necessity. There is probably no art in which 

 the separate details are so many as in Horticulture. 



Of Horticulture there are two general types, — that 

 which is associated Immediately with the home life, 

 and that which is undertaken primarily for the gaining 

 of a livelihood. The former is amateur Horticulture. 

 Those things are grown whicli appeal to the personal 

 tastes: they are (;i-..w,, f,,, ->■](. The latter is com- 

 mercial Horticultiiir. I' ,1 ,^s are grown which 

 the market demaniN : ;, mi for others. In all 

 countries, commer.];,, IIoiu.mI.um is a relatively late 

 development. GeuciiU a<ri. uluire is usually the pri- 

 mary means of earning a living from the soil. For the 

 most part. Horticulture comes only with the demand for 

 the luxuries and refinements of life : it does not deal 

 with what we call the staples. It is not the purpose of 

 this sketch to trace the general history of Horticulture. 

 If one desires such outlines, he should consult the Bohn 

 edition of Pliny's "Natural History;" Loudon's "Ency- 

 clopsedia of Gardening;" G. W. .Johnson's "History of 

 English Gardening ;■' Xitilnr i ^ Ilistory of Gardening 

 in England ;" Siev. I,' i , Ancient and Mod- 

 ern;" Jager's "(i^ni. i i ; ; i liiirten, sonst und 

 jetzt;" Huttig's ■•(..<,,, n. .:. , i iartenbaues ;" the 

 historical chapters ol Aii.lr.- s L'Art des Jardins." 

 For the histories of cultivated plants, see DeCandolle's 

 "Origin of Cultivated Plants;" Hehn & Stallybras.s' 

 "Wanderings of Plants and Animals from their first 

 Home;" Pickering's "Chronological History of Plants." 



In North America there was little commercial Horti- 

 culture before the opening of the nineteenth century. 

 There were excellent home gardens more than a century 

 ago, in which many exotic plants were growing; yet, in 

 proportion to the whole population, these gardens were 

 isolated. The status of any modern time is accurately 

 reflected in its writings. It may be well, therefore, to 

 bring in review the leading early horticultural writings of 

 this country. Few studies have been made of our hor- 

 ticultural history. The best is the introductory sketch, 

 by Robert Manning, in the "History of the Massachu- 

 setts Horticultural Society," 1880. For Its field, Slade's 

 "Evolution of Horticulture in New England," 1895, is 

 interesting. In a still narrower field, Boardman's "Ag- 

 ricultural Bibliography of Maine" is critical and inval- 

 uable. The chapter on "American Horticulture," by Al- 

 fred Henderson, in Depew's "One Hundred Years of 

 American Commerce," 1895, presents the commercial 

 side of the subject. Another fragment of the history is 

 presented in the writer's "Sketch of the Evolution of 

 our Native Fruits," 1898. Histories from several points 

 of view are presented in the " Florists' Exchange " for 

 March 30, 1895 ; and the writer has incorporated parts 

 tribution to that history in the sketch 



pl. 



of his 



which follows. 



The earliest w 

 physicians and n 

 wonders of the 

 earliest separate 

 Monardes on the i 



plants were by 

 d to exploit the 

 I'misphere. The 

 • that of Nicolo 

 World, which was 



published in Seville in part^, from 1565 to 1571. The 

 completed treatise was translated into Italian, Latin, 

 English and French. Monardes is now remembered to 

 us in the genus Monarda, one of the mint tribes. Ho 

 wrote of the medicinal and poisoniu- iin i- r ilm 



West Indies, and gave pictures, sonii- ol ,i ^o , i,. 



eal. His picture of tobacco is not -r ; , 



however; and it has the distinction c,t n. iii_- |.i ..i,:if,iy 

 the first picture extant of the plant, if nm ul any Aiulti- 



HORTICULTURE 



Tlii--- i.i.tnre is here reproduced (Fig. 1077) 

 ■ ii . ii,,. style of illustration of three 

 hun Ir lacques Cornutus is generallv sup- 



po^'-'i 'li'- first writer on American p"lants. 



His i\ i: : I ill I ii n^ium Plantarum," appeared in 1G35, 

 and it also had piitures. One of the earlie.st writers on 

 the genewl products and conditions of the northern 

 country was John Josseljm, who, in 1572. published a 

 book entitled "New England's Rarities discovered in 

 Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, and Plants of that 

 Country," and in 1674 a second volume, "An Account of 

 Two Voyages to New England, made during the years 

 1638, 1663." The "Rarities" gives specific accounts of 

 many plants, together with pictures of a few of them, 

 as, for example, the pitcher plant. He mentions the 

 plants which had become naturalized from Europe. 

 There is also a list "Of such Garden Herbs (amongst 

 us) as do thrive there, and of such as do not." This 

 list, the earliest record of the kind, is here transcribed : 



Cabbidge growes there exceeding well. 



Lettice. 



Sorrel. 



Parsley. 



Marygold. 



French Mallowes. 



Chervel. 



Winter Savory. 

 Summer Savory, 

 Time. 

 Sage. 

 Carrats. 



Parsnips of a prodigious size. 

 Red Beetes. 

 Radishes. 

 Tm-nips. 

 Purslain. 

 Wheat. 

 Eye. 



Barley, which commonly degenerates into Oats. 

 Oats. 



Peasp of all sorts, .■md the best in the World ; I never heard 

 of, nor -h-l . . :,'i;i v,-ars time, one Worm eaten Pea. 



Silpee, an excellent grain used in- 

 y it in an Oven, or in a Pan upon the 



Rosemary. Nor 



Bayes. 



White Satten groweth pretty well, so doth 



Lavender Cotton. But 



Lavender is not for the climate. 



Penny Royal. 



Smalledge. 



Ground l\j, or Ale Hoof. 



Gilly Flowers will continue two Years. 



Fennel must be takenup. and kept in a warm Cellar all Winter. 



Housleek prospereth notably. 



Holly hocks. 



Enula Campana, in two Years time the Roots rot. 



Comferie, with white Flowers. 



Coriander, and 



Dill, and 



Annis thrive exceedingly, but Annis Seed, as also the Seed of 

 Fennel, seldom come to maturity ; the Seed ot Annis is com- 

 monly eaten with a fly. 



01,-u-y never lasts but one Summer, the Roots rot with the 



Frost. 

 Spar 





t'l'i'i ! w . ^1 Country men called Kenning Wort, 



grows 1.1 



Mils- 1 . ,1, p^tiffland 



Ditt;,inl. I- o, I', , 



Tausi,.. 



Musk JIt'llous are butter th.ln our English, and 



Cucumbers. 



Poropions, there be of several kinds, some proper to the 

 Country, they are dryer then our Englisli Pompions, and bet. 

 ter tasted; you may eat them gi*een. 



Tuckerman comments as follows on the above lists: 

 " The earliest, almost the only account that we have of 

 the gardens of our fathers, after they had settled them- 

 selves in their .Veic England, and had tamed its rugged 



