796 



IDAHO 



extremes of temperature prevail in the southern portion 

 of the state than in the northern. Thf summers are 

 hotter in the south than in the north, and thi; ri^-ors of 

 winter are more severely experiem-i-.l. 



Irrigation for the successful ciilnvati.iTi .if cmiis i-; 

 necessary over most of the soutli.-rn ]...rtiMii uf tlit- 

 state, below the 45th parallel of latitu.lc. Xurth ..£ this 

 there is generally an abundance of rainfall, the atmos- 

 phere is humid, and the soil is retentive of moisture. 

 The native soils of Idaho are mostly of volcanic ori{;in, 

 interspersed with clay and sandy loam, and altogether 

 quite fertile. Excepting in the narrow mountain valleys, 

 and in the deep canyons of the Snake river, altitude 

 largely determines the character of horticultural pur- 

 suits. According to the United States Weather Bureau 



records, some of the al 

 feet ; Kootenai, 1,750 ; 

 2,196 ; Moscow, 2,571 ; 

 4,341; Blackfoot, 4,50:i 

 4,732; Paris, 5,946; Ath 

 are named at points 

 tageous for estimating 



hioh i 



■ i!m . : I.ewiston, 047 

 : ' I'ort Sherman, 

 \ iii.rican Falls, 

 Hit, i,,i"i; Idaho Falls, 

 . 1 he liuown altitudes 

 ,)usidered most advan- 

 s for the whole state. 



Much of the south -central portion of Idaho contains vast 

 lava beds, and hundreds of square miles are thus occu- 

 pied. Among them, however, lie fertile irrigated areas. 

 The wild sage brush covering these extensive table- 

 lands grows most luxuriantly, often attaining to a height 

 of sis feet and over. Along the streams and bottom- 

 lands of southern Idaho are growths ..f wilh.ws ami pop- 

 lars, and in the mountain gulches a hhuk haw and dwarf 

 maple skirt the water courses. ^■| ly liiih- -linihbery 

 grows in the mountains. In the mi'untain r.--i"ns above 

 an elevation of 4,500 feet, pine, spruce and tir abound. 

 Tliat portion of the state north of the 45th parallel con- 

 tains fine forests of pine, fir, tamarack and cedar. The 

 mountains, hills and valleys are also well covered with 

 small deciduous trees and shrubbery, which for ages 

 have contributed towards the establishment of a soil 

 rich in organic matter. The list of species of deciduous 

 plants found native in this part of the state is so exten- 

 sive that it would seem out of place to name them in 

 this artich'. 'I'h.rc are no wild fruits of economic im- 

 portance irfuw iiii:; in (he state. 



Horth'uItiuMi ..]iriaii.iiis are conducted within narrow 

 limits ah.. v.- an ahiiu.U-of 4,500 feet. Up to ."i, 500 feet 

 elevation, fruit-raising has shown Rreat pr.imis.-. The 

 best adapted sections for raisin.tr apph'^ Ih- \\ irliin tin- 

 counties of Latah, Nez Perce,Washiiii;i<iii, ( imimhi, .\.1ii, 

 and more limited in portions of Klin.ii , I'.ni-.', i a>-ia, 

 Owyhee, Lincoln and Ko.ttenai. ,\|ii>hs .an al,-^.j lie 

 produced in other counti. s t.. a v. rv limited extent. 

 Even in Bear Lake county, at an .l.vatii.n of 6,000 feet, 

 some varieties are bein.ic lai^. .1 ^u.-.a-s^fully. 



The horticultural insii.ri.H^ .if ih- \ari..ns horticul- 

 tural districts last yeai- m n I. :i -irl II .■,.!ii|.ut ilii.ii lit 

 the fruit acreage in tlnir i i . i : . 



ported as follows : Ada . i , i i: i : 



100; Bear Lake, 100 ; r.injhini: i,|ii, 1;: , ,: 



Boise, 141; Canyon, 5, :ihii ; Cassia, ,i.i7; . u-i.v, l,s,:i : 

 Elmore, 875; Fremont, 1,000 ; l.hd..., l'dii ; lxi.,.tenai, 

 1,500; Latah, 5,900 ; Lemhi, 20(1 ; Ijin.i.hi, ,slo ; Nez 

 Perce, 2.000; Oneida, 1,000; (iwvli..', l^ir, ; .-.|,,,sh.me, 



Tlu 



figure, 

 plantii 

 ably tl 



order 

 porti.. 



All 



IDfiSIA (Yobrants Ides, Dutch traveler in China). 

 Bixicea. A genus whose only species is a Japanese 

 tree, hardy as far north as Phihuh'li.liia. It is a large, 

 rapid-growing, deciduous tree, with laiL-.' Ivs. h.irne on 

 reddish stalks and loose clusters ..f fra-rant, ^.'leenish 

 yellow fls. which are inconspicuous . s. . pt f.ir their 

 prominent anthers, and numerous orange-colored ber- 

 ries about the size of a small cherry. Fls. dioecious, the 

 parts in 5's (or 3-6); sepals tomentose, imbricated, de- 



ILEX 



ciduous ; petals ; stamens indefinite, inserted on a 

 small disk with villous filaments: ovary of pistillate fls. 

 gli>Imse : berries with an indefinite number of seeds. 

 Prop, hy green wood and root cuttings. 



polycArpa, Maxim. Height 40 to 50 ft. : Ivs. drooping, 

 ,'.-10 ui. h.ni;, s.>iMetim.'s 8 in. broad, usually cordate- 

 ai II. I iiii'i , -. nil I ill.. ~ .iMi.ng or orbicular, deep green, 

 ni:i. .' I ' r ■ -hmcous beneath, petiole 4-6 



in, I.I- than the Ivs., pendulous: 



St., hill,.,;, ;;.. .,,,,. , Var. crispa has curled foli- 

 ar', . l;..M. i.7;)l. K. 11. 1^7:;, pp. 174, 175; 1878, p. 254; 

 last), pp. 46J-165. F. 1S71, pp. 64, 65. 



Joseph Meehan and W. M. 



Ilex). In- 

 ufoliitcea'). 

 us shrubs, 



ILEX (the ancient Latin name of Qii 

 eluding Princs and Oth.ra, ? , ;,. ,. ,i, 

 Holly. Ornamental imili, ; : •! 

 with alternate, sini|.li , - ,, snnill, in- 



conspicuous, whitish lis. III aM::,ii\ iiii i, i- . .r solitary, 

 and black, red or sumetinie= yeU.jw heiiies, remaining 

 on the branches often until the following spring. Of 

 the evergreen species, only /. glabra and /. rtujosn are 

 quite hardy North, and also /. opaca and /. cremitu in 

 somewhat sheltered positions. /. Aqulfollnm and /. 

 cornuta are more tender but stand many degrees of 

 frost if sheltered, while "most of the others can only be 

 grown South. Of the deciduous species, /. decidua, I. 

 mouticola, J. IcBvigaia and verticilhUa are hardy North; 

 also /. Sieboldi and some other Japanese species are 

 hardy or nearly so. The Hollies, especially those with 

 scarlet or red berries, are highly ornamental, and the 

 berried branches of /. opaca and /. AquiMium are in 

 great demand for Christmas decoration. Also /. lavi- 

 gata and verticiUatit, \\\<- pretti.st in frnit of the decid- 

 uous kinds, are som.tini.^ s..l.l f..r this ].>ir]>ose. Tho 

 deciduous species at-.- ne.^tly ^hrul.s, whih- nuiiiy of the 

 evergreen sjn-cies rr. .w inin ^mall ,ir m.i.iinni-sized trees, 

 and /. o/..(.-'( I- 111. I.. ..■ I .'I III! IiimimI i.'aved ever- 



greenswhi.il .'. ..'ii, :• < ■ ,. / .rrciuiln, 



glabra, r II, r , i . i' : ■ i , r • / . j i.paea fills 



theold,des,ll..|;,n.l 1. rv.jr, ,i In I M , 1 1 i . . , 1 1:1 rren fields of 



the South, and thrives un extremely poor soil, and has 

 good color, too. This trait is worth noting. /. Aqni- 

 folium is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and 

 numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it stands 

 siv.r.. pruning well, and can he ,'lipped and trained into 

 alin...t .very shape; it also niakns ttin- Indices, but its 

 -l,i\v L'li.wth is a disadvantau'. , .\s th.' .hi.f value of 

 ill. .i..i.luous species is in th.' .iinaiiiental fruits and 

 the ilullies are ditt-cions. can- sln.iihl he taken to select 

 in planting a few staniinat.- ..n. v, hut mostly pistillate 

 plants, and to give th.- lait.r tin- nmst prominent place. 

 The light, close-grain. .1 ami tnu-h wood of some of the 



partly shaded sitmations, but /. ten./. I m.l 



also Sieboldi prefer moist places, an ; _ in 



swamps. Most of the species grow .^1. I .., I.: .t 



easily transplanted when older. The 1k..i iin.L 1 r limv- 

 ing the evergreen species is the early fall, when tho 

 young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring ,iust 

 before the plants start into new growth. The leaves 

 should be stripped on/, opaca and/. Aqttifolium, wh^n 

 transplanted, particularly if at all exposed— or at least 

 nearly all. This is absolutely necessary to insure suc- 

 cess. Wild Hollies may be handled this way with suc- 

 cess, particularly if cut back as well. Prop, by seeds, 



Hlii. li .1 1 -.'rniinate until the second year, and are 



111. 1. 1 and treated like those of the slow- 



er.. Ills. The young seedlings should be 



tiaii-|,i..ii., .1 I- the second year. The evergreen spe- 



eie.s UKi\ h. in. I. as. d by cnttiii'.'s of ripened wood under 

 glass, especially the shnii.l.v ..ms ; they are also some- 

 times grafted or l.n.M. .1 ..n s...liitigs of I. AquiMium 

 OTOpaca. About 17.". ^|..-.i.- ii. X. and S. America, tropi- 

 cal and temperate Asia ami f. w in Africa, Australia and 

 Europe. Lvs. petioled, with small, caducous stipules: 

 fls. dia?cious, usually in rather few-fid. axillary cymes; 

 calyx lobes, petals and stamens usually 4, sometimes 



