INGA 



long to Calliaudra. Another allied genus is Pitbecolo- 

 bium. Inga has pinnate foliage; the otlier two tri-nera 

 have bipinnate foliage. In Inga tin- \""l i~ .cam ly or 

 slowly dehiscent: in Calliandra thr \al.^ - d. 1,1-,, ihis- 

 tleally from the apex to the base ot'tli.' p ..I :iiid .u. n-vo- 

 lute; in Pithecolobium the valves art- "tun twistid, but 

 never rolled back and elastic. 



A. Leaflets hairy heneatli. 



afflnis, DC. (consult /. dulcis in the supplementary 

 list). Lvs. simply pinnate; Ifts. in 4 pairs, ovate, acumi- 

 nate, pubescent above, somewhat shining and villous be- 

 low, one side smaller than the other, 3 in. long, 1}4 in. 

 wide; petioles, branches, peduncles and tts. velvety to- 

 mentose, a gland between each pair of lvs. : spikes soli- 

 tary or in pairs: corollas villous. Trop. Amer.— This is 

 probably the plant cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as /. 

 dulcis. 



AA. Leaflets not hairy. 



Feuillei, HC. I, vs. sini,.ly pijiiuitc; Ifts. in 3-4 pairs, 

 ov.,1-. .!.].. I,- ;,-nt,. -..I li.ill. ,M..N. L'l:.l.n.u-: pods 1-2 ft. 



1,,,,::. ii, „.;,,-, II:. I. -Ialil"ll-. wluf Mi-I.lr. Peru.-Iut. 



1:1(111 l>\' I'r.iiirrs.-lii. I'll.- ^\vr. !. ..111.:!' imlji of the pods 

 is niucli pnzfil liy thi- P.tm, !vi . ■■!■ i -■ I'l it Pacay. 

 /. niK'/mn/n. Kunth, Proiiiri., ' ■ .liflora, Benth. 



20-p:iii'ed. liut-ar, oljtuse: pttii ,. ,. I.r.inehes, pe- 



duncles and tis. pubenUous; il- I ^ I' I jiiMV, acute, nar- 

 rowed .at the Ij.ise. ghibrous, tliirk.'ii.-d at tlir margin. Trop. 

 Amer.-/. diilcis. The older plant ot this name is Willdennws, 

 which comes from the Philippines, and is described under Pithe- 

 cololiium. I. dulcis, of Martius, comes from Brazil, and is I. 

 atfinis described above. Francesehi's plant of I, dulcis makes a 

 bushy tree, which he says comes from Central America, and 

 has pods containing a white pulp rich in sugar. This plant, li.' 

 says, grows only in frostless districts, while Inga anomala and 

 pulcherrima will grow where the lemon thrives.—/, pulchi r 

 rima, Cerv. Properly Calliandra Tweediei, Benth. Lvs. bipin- 

 nate; pinniB 3-5paired; Uts. as many as 25paired, paler and 

 slightly hairy beneath : stipules ovato-scariose, brown hairy; 

 peduncle being a head ot about 20 fls. Mex. B.M.4188. P.M. 

 11:1". W. M. 



INKBEKRY. Ilex glabra. 



INSECTICIDES. Substances used to kill insects, as 

 commonly understood ; but, as defined in dictionaries, 

 "one who or that which kills, or the act of killing an in- 

 sect," constitutes an Insecticide. Hence there are many 

 natural Insecticides, such as winds, rains, sudden 

 changes of temperature, forest and prairie fires, insec- 

 tivorous plants, some bacteria and fungi, several of the 

 higher animals (including man), and many of the in- 

 vertebrates (including spiders and a host of parasitic 

 and predaceous insects). Oftentimes these Insecticides 

 of nature materially aid man in his warfare against in- 

 jurious insects, but usually it is necessary to resort to 

 a spray or some other artificial Insecticide. 



Insecticides may be classed into those which are 

 eaten with the food and kill by poisoning ; powders, 

 washes and gases which kill by suffocation; and certain 

 oils and soaps which kill when they come in contact 

 with the body,'and may also suffocate by closing the 

 breathing holes The poisons are effective against only 

 the biting or chewmg insects, and the sucking insects 

 must be hit with a powder, an oil or soap, or both kinds 

 ot feeders may be suffocated with the gaseous Insecti 



Arsenic is tht cbi f m 'i li iit m m i t ] 1 n ns 

 Insecticides Its 11 ni 



the foliage sevti I I 1 



by boiling one 1 i 



four pounds ot I 1 II r I t 



half an hour, a-sei\ 1 In ip .11 ti\c uui lelnbli 11 

 secticide results, use about 1% quaits to 40 gallons 

 of Bordeaux mixtuie or water 



Paris green is still the stmlud poisonous Insec- 

 ticide, but Its I t 11 1 i\ B recently 

 brought sevei il 1 1 1 ij:rene and 

 green arsenoiij 1 il 1 i uple is too 

 soluble and van ti I ilr hence it 

 is not as_ much used i, t 1 n 11 1 1 ni ils are 

 used at the rate of I poujd m tiom I 1 lions 

 of water or Bordeaux mixture on fii t t I 1 1 ist 

 dilute on the peach. Arsenate ot b :i.| 1- u,. , lai-ely 



INSECTS 



805 



used against such insects as the gypsy moth and the 

 elm leaf -beetle; large quantities of it can be used on 

 the foliage without injury, and it adheres better than 

 Paris green, but is sometimes more expensive. Helle- 

 bore, the standard eurraut worm remedy, is especially 

 valuable to use after fruits are more than half grown, 

 when there would be danger from the use of the arseni- 

 cal poisons. 



Tobacco in its various forms is one of the best Insec- 

 ticides for sucking insects; it is particularly useful in 

 greenhouses. Pyrethrum powder is the standard Insec- 

 ticide for house-flies, and is often effectively used 

 against other insects. ' 



Kerosene is one of the most active and effective of In- 

 secticides. It can rarely be used with safety undiluted, 

 but as an emulsion with soap, it has been the standard 

 remedy for sucking insects for many years. The for- 

 mula is: half a pound of soap, I gallon hot water, and 

 2 gallons of kerosene; pour the kerosene into the hot 

 soap solution and agitate violently for a few minutes. 

 Recently, however, manufacturers have devised spray 

 pumps which combine kerosene and water into a good, 

 effective emulsion. These kerowater pumps can be 

 regulated to use certain percentages of kerosene, and 

 they will doubtless largely do away with the making of 

 the kerosene soap emulsion. Whale-oil soap is now ex- 

 tensively and successfully used in killing scale insects 

 and plant-lice. It and the kerowater spray are the most 

 effective sprays now in use against the famous San 

 Jos6 scale, the pear psylla, and other sucking insects. 

 Crude petroleum has been successfully used in combat- 

 ting cattle lice and the horn-fly, and now promises to be 

 :iii otfpctivo and snfr siihstance to apply on dormant 



a r.'-iii wa-li ;in.| ,a liiiir, v,ilt ;iiid sulfur wash are ex- 



cale i 



tU.j E:< 



vva^ln-s arc- not so .■ll't-ctive. 



Two gases are extensively used in killing insects. 

 The fumes of carbon bisulfide are certain death to in- 

 sects infesting stored grains, seeds or clothing. Place 

 the infested material in a tight box; pour the liquid, at 

 the rate of 1 pound to each 100 bushels, or 1 pound to 

 each 1,000 cubic feet, into shallow dishes placed on top 

 of the materials, and quickly close the box, leaving it 

 for a day or so. The fumes are explosive; hence keep 

 all lights away. This liquid has also hra'n successfully 

 used in treating melon andcucunil" r vin.s, umler covers 

 for plant-lice. The other gasi-on^ Ins.ciici.li- is hydro- 

 cyanic acid gas, the uses of whi.h an- discussed below 

 under Scale Insects, page 812. 



The arsenical poisons seem to be equally effective 

 when applied in combination with the fungicide Bor- 

 deaux mixture, and most fruit-growers now spray with 

 such a combination. Sometimes one of the Insecticides 

 for killing sucking insects has been successfully mixed 

 with the Bordeaux, but it is doubtful if they are as effec- 

 tive when thus applied. The poisons do not readily 

 mix with the soaps or oils, and, as a rule, one cannot 

 effectively hit sucking insects, biting insects, or the 

 fungous diseases with a single application of some 

 combination mixture. 51. V. Slingerland. 



INSECTS. The animals which constiiut tli Ins ,t 

 world play an import mt part in nn st 1 rti ultunl 

 operations The buN> bee is an indispt ns il I 1 I m th 

 production of many fruits but the equ ill\ I i \ 1 \ t 

 cankei worms 01 othei Insects oftentimes sen mslj m 

 t. 1 1 I Kith man s plans for profitable tiops Hoiti 

 ult in t should become more intimately acquainted 

 w th th 1 little friends and foes in the Insect world 



and intetest many a famous tairy tale Ihe science 

 that treats of Insects, or entomology, has now reached 

 the stage where its devotees are no longer looked upon 

 as "crazy bug hunters "m most communities A recent 

 directory of the entomologists, or those interested m 

 the study of Insect life, of the United States and Can- 

 ada contains the names of over 1,200 persons. 



