In the aggregate, the damage done by plant-lice is 

 very great. At times hundreds of acres of peas have 

 been ruined by an aphid. Nursei-y stock often suffers 

 severely, but bearing fruit trees are not often seriously 

 injured by them. About 40 different kinds of aphides 

 live in greenhouses, where a perpetual warfare has to 

 be waged against them. In 4 years we have reared nearly 

 100 generations of a common a))his in greenhouses. 



ditatiuns of any egg- 



dunngthis times., ih.it 

 they may thus l.n-..| 

 mdefinitely iu 1i..umn. 

 their young being burn 

 alive and no males ap- 

 pearing. 



The standard reme- 

 dies for plant-lice are 

 whale-oil soap, kero- 

 sene emulsion, kero- 

 water, and tobacco in 

 ■\ arious ways ( as a de- 

 l» coction, dry as a dust, 

 ""' or the "Roseleaf" or 

 similar extracts), and 

 tliese are successfully 

 used to kill the aphides 

 in all situations. 



Since the recent ad- 

 vent of the San Jos6 

 scale into the eastern 

 United States, scale In- 

 sects of all kinds have 



attr 



3 to kill, and as 

 they are easily trans- 

 ported on nursery 

 stock, buds or cions, 

 and also multiply rap- 

 idly, the scale Insects 

 are .justly to be consid- 

 ered as among the most 

 dangerous and destruc- 

 tive of injurious In- 

 sects. A single female 

 San Jos6 scale may 

 rear a brood of from 100 to liOO joung and there may be 

 four or five generations a year and more than 2 000 

 eggs have been laid by a single Lecanium scale 



The scale Insects, the dreaded San Josfi speeies in 

 eluded, can be successfully controlled by ludicious m 

 telligent and timely work with spra\ s of whale oil soap 

 kerowater, crude petroleum, or Indiocvanic acid gas 

 which should be used in the case of nurser-s stock 



Since 1889 fumigation with hjdioevanic acid gas has 

 been extensively practiced in the citrous orchards of 

 California, and now Florida and South African fruit 

 growers are also using it in their orchards Large gas 

 tight tents or boxes are placed over the trees and the 

 gas then gennrafod within. Much nurseiy stock is now 

 treated witli the ir.is in fi;.'ht boxes or houses this is 

 required by l;ns' in .Mai yhni.l and the province of Ontario 



and it should I,.- i.ia./ti I in other regions. Recentlj 



greenhouses, railway ciai'lu-s, rooms in private houses, 

 and whole flouring mills have been effectively fumigated 

 with this gas. It is generated with water, a good grade 

 of commercial sulfuric acid, and potassium cyanide 

 98 to 99 per cent pure. The acid is poured Into the water 

 in an earthen jar or crock and the cyanide then dropped 

 in. In fumigating trees, rooms or flouring mills, 1 ounce 

 of the cyanide, 1% fluidounces of sulfuric acid, and 2M 

 ounces of water are used for every 125 cubic feet of 



INULA 



space ; for nursery stock use the same amounts for each 

 100 cubic feet of space ; in greenhouses the gas is used 

 about one-half as strong, or even less for some kinds of 

 plants. Nursery stock, trees and plants in greenhouses 

 are usually subjected to the gas for from 30 to 00 

 minutes : mills are usually kept closed 12 to 24 hours. 

 As pota~-iuiii lyani.lf and hydrocyanic acid gas are 

 among ili. ni<.>i .l.a.lly poisons, fumigation should be 

 under tli.- .In. .t m:|h ivision of competent persons. 



Insfii - an I'l. -. i\-.(l in collections by securing them 

 in ti^'hi la-. s l,\ Til. ans of a pin inserted through the 

 tlioiax. or ti)]..ii;;ii iii,_- right wing if the subject is a 

 Iji-it!.. Ail. Ill- ami I utti_-rflies are pinned in position on 

 a s|.r.a.liii^' li...ir.l until thoroughly dried. See Figs. 

 lliU-lli;;;. Every horticulturist should make a collec- 

 tion of injurious Insects. 



Insect Literature for fl^oWiCH?^Hj-iS(.s. — Horticultur- 

 ists should keep in close touch with the experiment sta- 

 tions and state entomologists of their own and of other 

 states, and also with the Department of Agriculture at 

 Washington; for it is from these sources that the best 

 and latest advice regarding injurious Insects is now be- 

 ing disseminated free, either by personal correspon- 

 dence or by means of bulletins. Among the books, one 

 or more of which may well tind a place in a horticul- 

 turist's library are the following : Weed's "Insects and 

 Insecticides," Sempers' "Injurious Insects and the Use 

 of Insecticides," Lodeman's" The Spraying of Plants," 

 Saunders' "Fruit Insects," and Smith's "Economic 

 Entomology." jj. y. Slingerlaxu. 



Inula (ancient name). Compdsita;. This genus in- 

 cludes s'ln. Iiii.l 111 iliaceous plants of the easiest cul- 

 ture aa I r-.. habit, with heads of yellow or 

 orani:. . ' mss, borlle in summer. There is 

 such a : i II '.Ti.-e of autumn-flowerlng yellow 

 ' 'Fill : i li.. hanly border that only those Inulas 

 '' • ' ' II . ail> Minimer are particularly desirable. 

 i I . /. Ill I, Ilium, in probably also cultivated 



I A |ir.|.aration of the mucilaginous roots 



. mill. Ill 111 ilrug stores. Inula flowers have as many 

 a- in liuuar rays. The plants like a sunny position in 

 any i^arden soil, and are prop, by division or seed. 



Inula is a genus of about 56 species, found in Europe, 

 Asia and Africa: herbs, usually perennial, glandular, 

 hairy: Ivs. radical or alternate, entire or serrate: heads 

 large, medium or small, solitary, corymbose, panicled or 

 crowded at the crown: rays yellow, rarely white. 

 A. Stems panicled or corymbose. 



Hel^nium, Ijinn. Elecampane. Fig. 1164. Tall, 

 thick-sttiiini. .1 : Ivs. unequally dentate-serrate ; root- 

 Ivs. ellii.ti.- ..I.l.inj:. narrowed into a petiole; stem-lvs. 

 half-clas].ing, cnnlati-oblong: outer involucral parts 

 leafy, ovate. Wet, sandy and mountainous regions. 

 Eu.,N. Asia. Naturalized in Amer. D. 163. — For medic- 

 inal purposes, 2-year-old roots should be dug in August. 

 If older they are likelv to be stringy and woodv 



AA. Stems l-fhh, or with at tnost 2 or S heads. 



grandiflora. Will.l. II. i-ht -J-li ft.: Ivs. elliptic-ob- 

 long, senulai.-, all s. -sil,.; upper ones .subcordate; 

 lower on.'s L'-t in. l..iitr : L'laiids numerous : heads 

 3H-4 in. across. Himalayas, Caucasus. G.F. 6:406.- 

 Cult. but not advertised. Earliest blooming Inula in 

 cult. Bears orange-yellow fls. 5 in. across in June, and 

 has bold but not coarse habit. 



