980 



MANGIFERA 



than the ovarv; petals inserted at the base of the disk, 

 5, rarely 4, with 1-.') veins, which are prominent on the 

 upper side but scarcely so at the apex; fertile stamens 

 1-2, inserted at the base of the disk. B. M. 4ol0. 



W. M. 

 MANGO. Consult J/.ni- 



MANGOSTEEN. 



MANGROVE (probably an 

 alttn-td Malayan name) is a 

 name applied to species of 

 Khizophora (Greek, root- 

 In ariiin)- The Rhizophoras 

 are perhaps 5 or 6 in num- 

 ber, and are widely distri- 

 buted on tropical shores. 

 The genus gives name to 

 the family Rhizophoracea;, 

 which Bentham & Hooker 

 1362. The beeinnine of eermi- place in close relation to 

 nation in the ManKrove. the Combrelacece and Myr- 

 tacea-. The common Man- 

 grove, H. Manyle, Linn., is one of the commonest 

 plants on the swampy shores of tropical and subtropi- 

 cal seas. It is not in cultivation, but its strange meth- 

 ods of propagation make it one of the most interesting 

 of plants. The following account is reprinted from 

 Bailey's "Lessons with Plants:" 



The Mangrove grows on the low shores of tropical 

 lands. It extends as far north as the twenty-ninth par- 

 allel in Florida, and occurs at the mouth of the Missis- 

 sippi and on the .-..aNt of Texas. It is a spreading bush, 

 feet upon the shores, but 

 ~ places. It is an important 



MANIHOT 



shores. In the quiet recesses of the Mangrove swamp 

 aquatic and amphibious life tinds refuge. The shell-fish 

 cling to the trunks and at low tide they are exposed, thus 

 giving rise to the stories of the early explorers that 

 oysters grow on trees. All this will recall the accounts 

 of the l>anyan tree, and there are wild fig trees (the 

 banyan is » ttg) in Florida and southward which behave 

 in a similar way. It seems strange that roots should 

 strike out into the air, but the reader may have observed 

 the "brace roots " near the ground on Indian corn; and 

 many plants, as the ivy and trumpet-creeper, climb by 

 means of roots. 



becoming a 



agent in th( 



the ai 

 furtln 



not ui 

 them 



'be fruit 



arly 



rr.i h:i~, inlosperin. The cotyled 

 iiiiriannn, l.ut a woody tube grows from 



s fr the fruit to the point a. Inside 



this tube is the plnnnile. The hypocotyl continues to 

 elongate, becoming thick and heavy at its lower end. 

 When (J inches or a foot long, it breaks away from the 

 joint «, cirrying the liberated plumule with it, and strikes 

 root-end down in the mud. Roots push out from the 

 lower end, and the epicotyl rapidly elongates and rears 

 itself above the water. A piece of a Mangrove branch is 

 shown natural size in Fig. 

 l.%5. An aerial root is push- 

 ing through the thick bark. 

 The root makes a strong 

 curve when it strikes off the 

 branch, and then grows di- 

 rectly downward towards the 

 water. The branch from which 

 it springs may be only a few 

 inches above the water, or it 

 mav be 10 feet; but the root 

 pushes on until it inserts it- 

 self in the mud, and there 

 makes a root system of its 

 own. These long, lithe, de- 

 scending roots (Fig. 136(1), 

 swa\ingin the wind, arechar- 

 acteiistic featuresof the Man- 

 grove swamp. Usually the 

 banging roots are un- 

 branelied. but now and then 

 the till breaks up into short 

 branchs (Fig. l.'!()7) before it reaches the water. These 

 long roots remain attached at the upper end, and become 

 trunks. The Mangrove plantation, therefore, beconie.s 

 an interwoven mass, and thus marches on into the tidal 

 rivers and the ocean, catching the Hotsam and .ietsam of 

 the sea; and thereby it builds land and extends the 



MANIHOT (nat 

 About bU speties of pe 

 milky juice occurring in tropical America, mostly in 

 Brazil Nearly alwajs smooth and blue green colored: 

 l\s. alternate, entiie or palmately lobed or divided: 

 fls. large for the order, racemose orpaniculate, terminal 

 or axillary, monoeceous; calyx imbricate in the bud, 

 campanulate or radiate, often petal-like, 5-lobpd ; petals 

 none; stamens few, in 2 whorls in the angles of the 

 disk: capsules .•!-celled, .■tseeded. Not nuu-h grown in 

 greenliMii-i -. ^ \c I |,t in f.iim-.if M. I'^ihi.ahi . The eco- 



' \.' ■ ■'■ I. : Mil r"(]uced. Ac- 



-,,.m:.-> :nr l.,'~, :;|-M„|, in pea 



United M 

 and sand, 



athe 



