MULCHING 



soil ami the air. This earth-mulch may itself be dust- 

 dry, but it protects the soil beneath. There is more or 

 less evaporation into the interstices of the earth-mulch 

 itself, and some of the moisture ascends through the 

 mulch and escapes into the atmosphere; but it has been 

 found by long experience and by experiments that the 

 earth-mulch greatly lessens evaporation. The frequent 

 stirring of the surface soil in summer is said to make 

 the land moist; as a matter of fact, it keeps it moist. 

 "When it is impracticable to keep a surface mulch by 

 means of tillage with horse tools or a rake, it is some- 

 times advisable to use straw or manure. Mulching 

 newly set trees is often desirable when it is not possible 

 to till the land or not practicable to water them. The 

 ideal mulch to conserve moisture, however, is the loose 

 soil, since the stirring of the soil not only affords the 

 mulch but also sets at work various chemical and bio- 

 logical forces which make the plant-food more available. 

 All herbaceous plants and most shrubs are benefitted 

 by a mulch in the fall, no matter how hardy they may 

 be in the given locality. Nature's mulch is the debris of 

 fallen leaves, grass and other litter. The autumn leaves 

 which blow into the borders and the clumps of shrub- 

 bery, afford the very best winter mulch ; and yet 

 it is a common practice to scrupulously collect and burn 

 these leaves in the fall, and then if the plants are 

 mulched to apply manure. This is doubtful wisdom. 

 The herbaceous border will be benefitted by a loose, open 

 mulch, 6 to 10 inches deep. If the mulch is of such 

 character as to become very hard and dense, and to hold 

 too much water, it may be injurious. Leaf-mold, loose 

 muck or peat, autumn leaves mixed with some litter 

 which will prevent them from packing too hard, manure 

 which is not too strong in nitrogen and potash, fine 

 straw, sawdust, shavings, pine needles, evergreen 

 boughs— these are some of the jnaterials which may be 



1037 



nntige If the mulch has 

 ^ It nn% 1 (. left on the 



I amy co\ eriug which will 

 i I tcuiid in the woods. Too 



surihtes the welfare of 



II ct and burn every stray 

 ce manj kinds of dirt 



5 of the soil loose and 

 m the beating of heavy 

 The vegetable fiber 

 i^hich wirks inti th(_ suit ice also pre\ents the particles 

 of he-i%v cli> ^oiK fr m lunmng together or puddling, 

 boils -nhich are covere 1 with a mulch do not bake. 



\Ahene%er the niukh contains soluble plant-food, the 

 soil receives the leachings and is enriched. Stable 

 manure is an ideal mulch for enriching the soil, but if 

 the manure is fresh and strong, it is likely to injure the 

 crowns of some plants. l jj p 



base or in the lower third; petals 5, linear-lanceolate, 

 free, imbricate; stamens 10. free, inserted on an elon- 

 gated disk, the alternate shorter: ovary ovate, 2-5-celled, 

 narrowed into a long and finally deciduous style; stigma 

 capitate; ovules solitary or 2, superimposed or collateral 

 in each cell: fr. a small elliptical or round berry. Four 

 species in Indo-Malay region. 



ez6tica, Linn. Okan,:]- .Ikssaminf. A viiy variable 

 evergreen slinib <ir >ni.il! tv'-. y>\ni'^ lii:inrlirs jiubes- 

 cent : Ivs. glalirMH^. :i->-f,,i,Mi;,ir ; Iik ..Ii1h|u.-, short- 

 petioled, about 1 m. l-nm. ..lH,^:ll,. ,,r ilh|iti.al, entire, 

 shining above : lis. iain|iaiiiilai.-, ' . in. lu diam., pure 

 white, very fragrant : «'\ at \ "J im ll,.l : l"r. a small berry, 

 elliptical, reddish, glandular-. i.ittid, 1-2-seeded. India, 

 China, Australia and tlie raritic inlands.— A tender tropi- 

 cal shrub, with dense folia^'r and of upright -bushy 

 habit. Cultivated to some extent on lawns in southern 

 Fla. and S. Calif., and in hothouses. A fine ornamental 

 pot-plant, blooming when small. Murrai/a exotica "needs 

 ample pot room and a liberal supply of plant-food. An 

 annual application of boii'-nMal win ii repotting in Feb- 

 ruary intensifies the cipl.iii.f till- f.'Iiai,'!', increases the 



quently. When properly tn at.-il, tin- lirst crop of flowei-s 

 usually appears here [(ienr,L,na) during May, another dur- 

 ing July, and this is succeeded at interval's of from four 

 to six weeks until fall. For winter, give it the tempera- 

 of a cool greenhouse, but during summer it thrives 

 best when given full sunshine outdoors." P. J . Berck- 

 s, A.F. 11:13C7 (picture). 



Koenigii, Spreng. Lvs.'lO-20-foliolate, pubes- 

 cent or rarely glabrous. Along the foot of the 

 Himalayas in India. — A small, strong-smelling 

 tree. The bark, leaves and roots of this species 

 are used in India as a tonic. 

 elongSlta, DC. Lvs. 4-6-foIiolate, glabrous; 

 4-5 in. long, much longer and more lanceo- 

 late than any form of M. erotica : bark on 

 sleniler branches pale yellow. Burma, 

 panicnl&ta. Jack . S atixwood or Cos- 

 metic Bark Tree. Arboreous: corymbs 

 few-fld. or fls. solitary. -The wood of 

 this species is considerably used be- 

 cause of its strength and endurance 

 and light yellow color. The bark is 

 used as a cosmetic. By some consid- 

 ered to be a form of M. exotica. 



H. J. Webber. 

 Ut'SA (named after Musa, the physi- 

 cian of Augustus). ScitaminAceif. Ba- 

 nana. Plantain Tree. Large herbaceous or 

 slightly shrubby plants with immense undi- 

 vided leaves, forming a very conspicuous fea- 



