THE DOMESDAY SURVEY 



the privilege of farming it themselves. Chessington also had been held 

 by villeins (fo. 36^), but the tense implies that they had ceased to do so 

 at the time of the Domesday Survey. 1 Next in importance to the 

 labours of the plough were the herds of swine reared amidst the 

 woods and the commons of Surrey. Indeed, the swine and the plough 

 oxen are the only live stock mentioned on the pages of the Surrey 

 Survey ; and the swine appear only because they were a payment 

 in kind for the use of the woods or pastures of the lord. In Sussex 

 it seems to have been the practice that every villein who had 

 seven swine should give one of them to the lord for 'pasture' (fo. 16^), 

 and this was also the custom in Surrey at Maiden and at Titsey (fos. 35, 

 36^). At Battersea and Streatham, however, the proportion was only 

 one in ten. The ' grass swine ' due for the pasture are generally dis- 

 tinguished from those paid for the pannage, that is for the mast in the 

 woods on which the swine fattened. Domesday specially records the 

 right of bishop Osbern, in respect of his own manor of Woking, to send 

 1 20 swine into the woods of the King's manor of Woking without pay- 

 ment for pannage. The interesting term ' a dene of wood/ which is 

 found in the Ewell entry, is almost exclusively confined to Kent. It was 

 not only for the feeding of swine that the wild woodland which then 

 covered so much of the country was of value ; but in Surrey there seems 

 to be no allusion, as there elsewhere is, to its other uses. And although, 

 as we have seen, two huntsmen were allowed to retain their holdings, 

 there is no mention of a King's forest. We find, however, a ' King's 

 park' alluded to at Stoke by Guildford, and in those days a park was 

 used for preserving beasts of the chase. The position of the King's town 

 of Guildford on the road from London to Winchester and to the Hamp- 

 shire ports, made it convenient for the Norman kings to have there not 

 only a castle, but a park in which to chase the deer. Hawking, at that 

 time, as well as hunting enjoyed the favour of the sovereign, and we 

 find it carefully recorded in the Survey that at Limpsfield there are three 

 nests of hawks. From a small estate in the hands of Oswold, valued at 

 no more than forty shillings, there seems to have been claimed ' yearly, 

 for the King's use, two marcs of gold or two hawks ' as com- 

 position for a trial by battle (fo. 36^). From this the hawk appears to 

 have been valued at six pounds, a sum twice as large as the annual value 

 of Walworth, and half as large again as that of all Weybridge. And 

 yet, as Domesday elsewhere proves, the highly-prized ' Norway ' hawk 

 was worth as much as ten pounds. 



Among the miscellaneous sources of territorial income were the 

 water-mills at which the tenants' corn had to be ground for the lord's 

 profit, and of which there were no fewer than seven on the great manor 

 of Battersea alone ; stone-quarries at Limpsfield, and water-meadows, 

 which were of importance as providing hay for the plough oxen. Indeed 

 in Middlesex, across the Thames, we find them regularly entered in 



1 The farming of manors by villeins is mentioned in the Victoria History of Hampshire (I. 442), 

 in which county Alverstoke and Millbrook were so held. 



291 



