GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 31 



host along with the fecal matter, must come in direct contact with 

 fresh water in order to hatch. The first stage of the life cycle is an 

 egg, hatching into a ciliated embryo, which if it succeeds in finding 

 its way to a fresh-water snail of a suitable species, undergoes in this 

 host several changes, finally resulting in what are known as cercarise. 

 The cercaria escapes from the snail, attaches itself to near-by vegeta- 

 tion, becomes encysted, and awaits being taken into the digestive 

 system of its final host. 



In certain hogs and goats examined the flukes were found in the 

 lungs as well as in the liver. A microscopic examination of the feces 

 of eight sows showed six to be infested with flukes. The sows were 

 moved to a pasture on high ground, special attention being paid to 

 their drinking water. They W'Cre given nourishing food and a laxa- 

 tive wath a free mixture of salt. Although these sows regained their 

 normal appearance, the effect upon their litters of pigs was very 

 marked. Thirty per cent of the pigs farrowed were stillborn, while 

 those born alive failed to develop in a normal manner, being, as a 

 whole, weak and emaciated. The separation and expulsion of the 

 fetal membranes from the sows was slow and imperfect, tending 

 toward retention in almost every case. Four out of five goats ex- 

 amined were found to be infested with flukes. These goats were 

 treated in a manner similar to the sows. Two of the goats died, but 

 the remaining two eventually recovered after having aborted their 

 young. 



The following symptoms were manifested by a native cow badly 

 infested with ticks and liver flukes : Watery discharge from the eyes, 

 appetite impaired, coat staring, mucous membranes pale and anemic, 

 general attitude dull and listless, gait uncertain, lymph glands 

 swollen, feces at first blood-stained with subsequent diarrhea, breath- 

 ing labored, heart action weak with a jugular pulse. 



A post-mortem examination show^ed that the hepatic lymph glands 

 were dark and congested, the liver enlarged and presenting on its 

 surface nodular elevations. The nodules proved to be dilatations of 

 the bile ducts and contained either a hard, gritty substance in the 

 form of red or yellowish flakes, or a dark brown or chocolate-colored 

 semifluid holding in suspension shreds of liver tissue. Flukes were 

 found throughout the bile ducts. The gall bladder was distended 

 and filled wdth a thick, flocculent bile. The spleen was slightly en- 

 larged and somewhat engorged with blood. To say exactly which 

 symptoms were produced by the ticks and which by the flukes is 

 rather difficult. However, the badly diseased condition of the liver 

 caused by the flukes is an important factor and is perhaps largely 

 responsible for the weak heart action and jugular pulse, because of 

 the serious disturbance to the hepatic circulation. Livers which have 

 harbored flukes present the following appearance: The organ is 



