ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL 79 



Whilst it is to be hoped that this power of self-protection 

 is growing amongst the tenants, it would be idle to plaoe 

 too much reliance on its effectiveness whilst the mass of the 

 cultivator* remain illiterate. It would appear essential, 

 therefore, for Government to interest itself directly in the 

 suppression of illegal practices, and this it can do only by 

 establishing some form of special control over estates where 

 such practices occur in the manner suggested in a previous 

 lecture. The illegal exactions may be divided into two classes 

 those made by the orders of or with the knowledge 

 of the landlord himself, and those made by his agent or 

 his subordinates without the knowledge of the landlord. It 

 is probably impossible to stop altogether the exaction of 

 gratuities by the landlord's subordinate staff, for it is almost 

 an established custom of the country that such payments 

 should be made to subordinate officers holding authority. 

 In the railways, irrigation canals, and other Government 

 services the practice is wide-spread. Control would not 

 need to be established on this account, unless the exactions 

 were made on such a scale as to be unreasonable and 

 oppressive. 



As I said in an earliar lecture, there might be three 

 degrees of control : (1) in the first instance, where the land- 

 lord himself is well-disposed, it would be sufficient for 

 Government to insist that the agent and his subordinates 

 be certificated men that is to say, those who have had a 

 proper training and are considered on grounds of character 

 and reputation suitable for such positions of responsibility ; 

 (2-) in more serious cases, where the landlord himself seems 

 to have connived at the illegal exactions, or in oppression 

 of the tenants, control should be taken away from him 

 entirely and the estate should be put at once in charge of 

 the Managing Department. This assumption of control 

 would, however, be regarded as temporary, and the landlord 



