PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS 85 



by Rai Bahadur Ganga Ram at Gangapur in the Lower 

 Chenab Canal Colony. Where canal water is available the 

 landlord will be saved much trouble and expense ; otherwise 

 he must seek some external source of water, such as the 

 construction of a tank or bund upon other people's land by 

 means of a combined scheme carried out by agreement as 

 provided for in the Act of 1920, or otherwise he may seek 

 to put a bund across some river, and pump water therefrom, 

 paying the owners of intermediate land for the privilege. If 

 he undertakes to supply them with a certain quantity of 

 water on their land, this will probably be more acceptable than 

 any practicable money payment. An outlet for the drainage 

 of his land is of paramount importance, and he must seek the 

 right to drain across his neighbor's land, if necessary, to the 

 nearest nulla. 



Internal Development 



The internal development of the estate is carried out by 

 making what are called permanent improvements. Of these 

 the most necessary usually, where canal water is not available, 

 are deep masonry wells. In certain districts tube-wells might 

 prove advantageous ; and the assistance of the Agricultural 

 Department can be obtained for sinking these. The method 

 of drawing water from the wells needs attention, but no rule 

 can be laid down. Where the well gives an abundance of 

 water, pumping by means of an oil engine should be adopted 

 as this will enable a much larger area to be watered. If 

 the water-supply is not good, water should be raised either 

 by means of an improved Persian wheel, or, if the water- 

 level be deep, by a mot raised by one or two bullocks. 

 Various improved forms of mots are available which 

 considerably reduce the cost of raising water. The water- 

 supply having been secured, the whole estate should be 

 planned out in holdings of suitable size, and suitable build- 

 ings and fences should be erected. The landlord is here 



