168 AUTUMN NOTES IN IOWA 



so shy and cautious that it is no easy matter to get a sight 

 of them; for, feeling a person's footsteps as he advances, 

 they stop short in the midst of their song, and retire 

 backward nimbly into their burrows, where they lurk 

 till all suspicion of danger is over." 



13. The "wood violet" of popular language was per- 

 haps Viola papilionacea ( ?) ; the ''bird's-foot" very 

 probably Viola pedatifida, or less likely Viola pedata 

 (?). But ''by any other name," etc. 



14. Gray's Manual, edition of 1908, gives six species 

 of the Staff Tree family, and the habitat of ''waxwork" 

 as from IMaine to Manitoba and southward. The same 

 work enumerates 65 species of thorn, most of them easter- 

 ly ones, and many of very restricted habitat. It is inter- 

 esting to note that they fruit generally in October, 

 though some are recorded as fruiting in August or Sep- 

 tember, and a few in November. Greene gives eight 

 species for Iowa. (Genus Crataegus.) 



15. A synoptical arrangement of Miss Cooper's 

 notes in Rural Hours, for October coloring of trees. (See 

 pp. 170-171.) 



Without clear dates. Miss Cooper also gives these items 

 of coloration : Locusts, seldom more than a tolerable 

 yellow; pears, pale yellow or russet, sometimes just 

 touched with red or purple ; sycamores, same note as for 

 locusts ; weeping willows, only pale yellow. 



16. At the time of its appearance this article caused 

 considerable discussion. Below is a list of the chief ani- 

 mals mentioned, with Professor Osborn's statement, in 

 brief, as to the probable time of their extinction in the 



