GENERAL PART OF EXAMINATION. 59 



the color of the conjunctiva is pale-roseate; in the ox paler 

 than in other animals. A few blood vessels are always visi- 

 ble. In the conjunctiva, the boundar}^ between normal and 

 diseased conditions is not sharply drawn, hence practice alone 

 makes one capable of giving a reliable judgment. 



I. Discharge from eyelids. Although mostly due to 

 local diseases, some of the infectious diseases have discharges 

 from the eyelids constantly present. The discharge is either 

 bilateral (from both sides) or unilateral (from one side only). 

 Bilateral discharges are seen in : malignant head catarrh ( with 

 keratitis), bovine pest (no keratitis present), dog distemper, 

 fowl cholera, influenza. (Swelling shuts off the tear ducts). 

 Unilateral discharges occur : in continued clu-onic nasal 

 catarrh, a symptom of glanders, chronic nasal or sinus catarrh. 

 [In all animals showing unilateral discharge from the eyelids, 

 especially when the discharge is copious, a careful examination 

 for foreign bodies should be made]. 



II. Color. The color of the conjunctiva is due to the 

 quantity of blood circulating in the blood vessels of the organ 

 and the amount of hemoglobin contained in the blood cor- 

 puscles. A pale, anemic color shows that the animal is either 

 deficient in blood or that the blood does not contain its nor- 

 mal quota of red corpuscles. The color varies from reddish- 

 white to. greyish-white or white. 



Paleness occurs suddenly : 



1. Following great loss of blood, internal hemorrhages- 

 (liver, heart, large blood vessels, etc.). 



2. In congestion of blood in the intestines (embolism of 

 intestinal arteries, displacement or torsions of the bowels). 



Paleness appears as a chronic condition : 



3. In constitutional diseases of the blood-making organs 

 (leucemia, hydremia). 



4. In all chronic diseases which lead to anemia or 

 hydremia, glanders, tuberculosis, distomatosis (liver flukes) 

 and parasitic diseases of the stomach and lungs of sheep. 



