94 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



(abdominal pulsation) with which a jerky movement of the 

 thorax in the hypochondriac region occurs. Occasionally it 

 is accompanied by a dull sound. Its rhythm is synchronous 

 with neither the heart's beat nor the respirations. The latter, 

 however, are temporarily arrested by the spasms. Singultus 

 is usually temporary and probably due to a diaphragmatic 

 neurosis. 



Respiratory Sounds. 



The. respirations of healthy animals are performed noise- 

 lessly. Only occasionally do they voluntarily emit audible 

 sounds during the act of breathing. 



Physiological Sounds. When excited suddenly by 

 perceiving peculiar looking objects, strange persons, unaccus- 

 tomed odors, etc., horses and cattle snort by violently and 

 noisily forcing air through the dilated nostrils. Horses of 

 lively temperament usually snort when led at the end of the 

 halter. Horses blow their noses by causing a forced expira- 

 tion which is accompanied by a vacillating noise. As in man, 

 du:*t or mucus is thus removed from the nasal organs. Fat, 

 rough coated dogs pant when the weather is warm even when 

 they are at rest. While performing hard work or during 

 forced exercise the breathing is rapid and deep ; the air pass- 

 ing in and out of the dilated nostrils at each in- and expiration 

 produces a perceptible puffing sound. Spirited horses while 

 being ridden at a gallop, emit a blowing expiratory sound . 

 every time the forefeet come in contact with the ground. 



A yazvn is a long-drawn-out, deep inspiration taken with 

 the mouth held icidc open. The inspiratory muscles assist in 

 producing it. 



Pathological Sounds. When the respiratory apparatus 

 is diseased the following p a t h o 1 o g i ca 1 sounds mav 

 occur : 



1. The zi'hcccing or blozving sound which is stenotic in 

 its character, emanates from the nasal cavities. It is more 



