»D CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



by pronouncing the German "ch"]. If the lumen of the lar- 

 ynx is narrowed, the noise becomes loud. It is most fre- 

 quently heard in the horse, and is one of the characteristic 

 symptoms of roaring. 



Ordinarily the tone is emitted when the respirations are 

 accelerated during exercise, but in cases where the lumen of 

 the larynx is much diminished, it may appear when the patient 

 is at rest. 



The character of the tone will vary from ichistliiig to a 

 pronounced hoarse or roaring sound. 



Besides it may be due to a firm swelling of the laryngeal 

 mucous membrane (phlegmonous laryngitis, strangles), tu- 

 mors in the larynx or its neighborhood which prevent the 

 free entrance of air. 



6. Loud rattling noises [garglings] are heard when the 

 larynx or the trachea contains loose masses of mucus. 



7. S)icc::ing is an explosive expiration through the nose, 

 which originates reflexly from irritations to the nasal mucous 

 membrane. It is heard in rhinitis (nasal catarrh) or when 

 foreign bodies enter the nasal cavities. Sneezing only occurs 

 in the dog, cat, and fowl. 



8. Groaning (moaning, grujiting) is heard when a long 

 inspiration is followed by a prolonged, audible expiration 

 through a partially closed glottis. The sound is emitted only 

 at expiration. Groaning is not necessarily a sign of disease, 

 for it often occurs in healthy animals, especially cattle after 

 a full feed or when pregnant. Groaning is produced by the 

 pressure of the distended abdominal organs upon the dia- 

 phragm, shortening the expiratory moment, which the animals 

 seek to retard by partially closing the glottis. 



d. Labored Breathing, Dyspnea. 



The collective term dyspnea is applied 

 to essential deviations from the normal in 

 the frequency and kind of respiratory move- 



