104 CLIXICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



2. Ulcers ; glanders ; bleeding tumors in the nasal cavi- 

 ties. 



3. Nasal hemorrhages may attend anthrax in, the ox, 

 purpura hemorrhagica, or very severe cases of contagious 

 pleuropneumonia of the horse. 



The discharge may consist entirely of blood, or simply 

 of an admixture of blood. If the hemorrhage is from a 

 nasal cavity, it is unilateral, the blood appeafs fresh and in- 

 completely mixes with any other discharge present. If from 

 the lungs, it is more or less foamy and in the trachea one 

 may hear moist rales. 



c. The consistency of the nasal discharge depends 

 upon what it contains. It may be serous, mucous or mucil- 

 aginous, with varied intermediations. It may also be Hoccn- 

 lent, clumpy, or contain great masses of adhering exudate. 

 In the beginning of a catarrh the discharge is serous (clear), 

 but by admixtures of mucus it becomes mucous and loses its 

 transparency from the quantity of epithelial cells it contains. 

 Its color is then grey. When an admixture of pus is present 

 the discharge assumes more of a cream-like consistency and 

 its color changes to greyish-yellow or yellow. A discharge of 

 pure pus only occurs when an abscess ruptures into the nasal 

 cavity. 



A clump}', b u 1 1 e r m i 1 k - li k e discharge is 

 observed in chronic catarrh of the sinuses of the head because 

 the exudate has been retained for a time. 



Adhering masses of exudate are seen in diph- 

 theritic, croupous, or fibrinous inflammations. 



d. The odor. , The odor of the nasal discharge be- 

 comes fotil, putrid or carious from decomposing processes. 

 In such cases the breath is also tainted. For the determin- 

 ation of the seat of the disorder, what has been said concern- 

 ing the odor of the expired air applies. 



e. Foreign admixtures. Most commonly we observe 

 air bubbles of large or small size which cause the discharge 



to appear as foam. 



