RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 



107 



pigment. The white streaks thus formed speak for the 

 chronicity of the dischargee. 



The examination of the nasal mucous membrane. The 

 nasal mucous membrane is available to inspection only in 

 the horse. Local lesions occurring on it are often of great 

 diagnostic importance. 



Method of examination. The head of the animal should be 

 elevated "and the inner cartilaginous wing of the nostril grasped 

 between the thumb and middle finger which draws it upward and 

 outward; the extended index finger is then inserted under the 

 outer wing, which it distends. The patient should face the light, 

 axcept when the rhinoscope (an enlarged ophthalmoscope) is used. 



Examination of the Mucous Membrane. 



a. Discolorations. Iiidistiiicf. puiictifonii, or rauiiform 

 redness is not infrequently seen in acute and chronic catarrhs ; 

 they are due to the peculiar anastomosing of the capillaries 

 and are of no diagnostic value. 



Deep redness is mostly the result of hemorrhages in the 

 mucous membrane. They appear mostly punctiform and can 

 be as large as a ten-cent piece, they are well circumscribed 

 and of round form (petechiae, ecchymoses). When they 



