RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 109 



also attends stomatitis and purpura hemorrhagica. For dif- 

 ferentiation tlie" concomitant symptoms must be considered, 

 such as ulcers on the buccal mucous membrane, petechiae, etc. 



\" e r y superficial p i 1 1 i n g s with sharp 

 borders — not rounded nor red colored — represent the 

 catarrhal or erosion ulcer. 



f. Cicatrices at the lower end of the nasal septum 

 are mostly the result of previous wounds. They are often 

 curved ( ( as if made with a finger-nail. Glanders cicatrices 

 are as a rule more or less star-shaped. 



The examination of the sinuses of the head is often 

 of importance and should be made whenever a chronic nasal 

 discharge exists, especially when attended with an unilateral 

 bulging (enlargement) of the facial bones. Mere enlarge- 

 ments can be defined by palpation. The presence of exu- 

 dates in the sinuses can sometimes be determined by percus- 

 sion. The normal percussion sound of the sinuses is full, but 

 when they are filled with exudate or tumor masses, it becomes 

 fiat. \\^hen the sinuses are only partially 

 filled the percussion Sound is not changed. 

 Negative results from percussion, therefore, do not exclude 

 the presence of exudate. 



[A simple method of exploring the sinuses of the head, 

 to determine whether exudate (pus) is present in them or not, 

 is to bore a small hole into them with a "Yankee" drill. If the 

 sinuses contain pus or other exudate, the bit becomes soiled 

 by it and if the contents are fetid, will smell] 



V. The Submaxillary Lymph Glands. 



Although these glands do not properly belong to the 

 respiratory apparatus, the examination of them is significant 

 in the horse. In this animal especially, the glands become 

 sympathetically diseased when pathological conditions exist 

 within the domain of their lymph vessels. 



