RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 131 



resonant percussion-sound, held of percussion enlarged posteriorly. 

 Auscultation shows the vesicular murmur to be diminished. 



Interstitial pulmonary emphysema. Suddenly appearing mixed 

 dyspnea. Cough very superhcial or absent. Super-resonant per- 

 cussion sound with tympanitic accessory sound extended poster- 

 iorly. A piping sound in auscultation. Emphysema of the skin 

 frequent. 



Echinococcus disease. Ox. Diagnosis is only possible when 

 large numbers of the echinococcus bladders are in the lungs. No 

 fever. Dyspnea. Cough weak and blowing. Percussion dulled 

 in patches or tympanitic. Vesicular respirations diminished. 



d. Pleura. 



Pleurisy. Pleuritis. Fever depending upon the character of 

 the inflammation. Respirations accelerated and dyspneic. Fre- 

 quent, painful, weak cough. Horizontal line of dullness on. per- 

 cussion above which a tympanitic sound is observed. Percussion 

 will vary with the position of the body of the patient. In early 

 stages friction sounds are heard on auscultation, later when much 

 effusion of exudate takes place no respiratory sounds are audible. 



Pneumothorax. Attends interstitial emphj-sema of the lungs 

 or penetrating wounds in the chest wall. Tympanitic percussion 

 sound in the upper portions of the thorax. Severe dyspnea. 



e. Infectious Diseases Which Involve the 

 Respiratory Apparatus. 



Contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse. (Brustseuche). 

 This is a contagious pneumonia affecting the parenchyma of the 

 various organs and is usually attended with secondary pleuritis. 

 1. Stadium incrementi begins with high fever, yellow discolora- 

 tion of the visible mucous membranes, general weakness, crack- 

 ling of joints. 2. Acme. Does not appear before the second or 

 third day. Symptoms of tibrinous pneumonia with or w'ithout 

 pleurisy, usually unilateral. Rusty brown nasal discharge, empty 

 percussion sound with resistance under the hammer, bronchial 

 respirations. Pleuritis: Empty percussion sound limited by a 

 horizontal line above which is a tympanitic zone. Friction sounds 

 which soon pass away, later no sound or bronchial respiration. 3. 

 Stadium decrementi. The crisis appears in 7 or 8 days, tempera- 

 ture within 24-36 hours down to normal, all other symptoms, also 

 pulse frequency gradually disappearing in 8 days. Complications: 

 pleurisy, acute myocarditis. Resulting diseases: pulmonary gan- 

 grene, abscesses in the lungs, chronic pneumonia. 



Scalma (Dieckerhoff) is a diffuse, infectious bronchitis with 

 subacute course. 



Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by 

 the bacillus tuberculosis and characterized by the formation of 

 very small inflammatory centers w'hich soon undergo degenera- 

 tion. The disease develops very slowly. Only advanced cases 



