164 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



Pharyngitis, Angina pharyngea. More or less fever accord- 

 ing to the character of the inflammation. Head held up, neck 

 stiff. Appetite present but mastication and especially deglutition 

 impaired. Food and particularly water ejected through the nose. 

 Accumulation of saHva and food in the mouth, salivation; foreign 

 bodies (food) in larj-n.x, and cough. More or less symptoms ot 

 laryngitis, in serious cases dyspnea as a result of swelling of 

 laryngeal mucous membrane. 



Paralysis of esophagus and pharynx. Dysphagia paralytica, 

 difficult deglutition and al)sonce of intlammatory sj-mptoms. 



Foreign bodies in esophagus. Most frequent in cattle (but 

 also observed in horses); salivation, inability to swallow, choking, 

 flow of saliva from nose; tympanitis in cattle. Foreign body in 

 cervical portion of esophagus can be seen or felt. 



Esophageal stenoses and diverticula usually develop slowly 

 and graduall3^ Symptoms: Sudden interruption in feeding, im- 

 paction of esophagus with food; regurgitation, choking. Dis- 

 charged masses are foamy but not sour. 



Diseases of the teeth in animals produce trouble in feeding. 

 Animals begin eating with apparent appetite, but soon stop or 

 continue with diminished interest, masticate slowly and carefully, 

 smack their lips, pause, salivate, reject partially masticated food, 

 swallow their grain whole, masticate roughage poorly, don't eat 

 .a full feed, feces contain large particles of food, sometimes there 

 is a tendency to diarrhea. The following conditons of the teeth 

 are of clinical importance, viz., sharp teeth, verj' oblique grinding 

 surfaces (shear-jaws), an undulating or irregular set of teeth, pro- 

 jecting or depressed teeth; caries of the teeth, tartar deposits; 

 periostitis alveolaris, tooth fistulae, neoformations on the alveolar 

 periosteum. 



b. Gastric and Intestinal Diseases of the Horse. 



Acute dyspepsia. Lack or loss of appetite, particularly for 

 grain; animals lick cold objects. Thirst is increased, buccal mu- 

 cous membrane dry, animals j-awn frequently. 



Acute gastro-intestinal catarrh. Usually fever, animal is 

 downcast, conjunctiva reddened, sometimes icteric, .\ppetite much 

 impaired, frequent yawning, buccal mucous membrane reddened 

 and clammy; feces at first dry, later diarrheic; urine acid, with- 

 out sediment, contains much indican. 



Chronic dyspepsia. Chronically impaired appetite. Gastric 

 disturbances. 



1. Simple chronic dyspepsia. Appetite for con- 

 centrated food (grain) impaired, otherwise normal. 



2. Acid dyspepsia. Impaired appetite, but a craving 

 for alkalies; licking whitewashed walls, nibbling at soiled litter. 



3. Nervous dyspepsia. This occurs in easily excitable 

 horses and consists in temporary disturbances of appetite after 

 excitement. 



Chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh. Gastro-enteritis catarrhalis- 

 chronica. Soft consistency of feces, or hard and soft alternately,. 



