172 



CLIXICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



is always turbid; even tlie first few droi)s voided: toward 

 the end it becomes even more so, frequently a li.^ht clay 

 color. The turbidity is due to the presence' of ciirbonates 

 which precipitate in the bladder as the fluid becomes more 

 or less condensed from reabsorption processes. \Mien ex- 

 posed to the air in a vessel the turbidity increases because 

 the soluble acid calcium carbonate (CO3H), Ca after giving 

 off CO, H,0 is converted into insoluble calcium carbonate 

 CO3 Ca. This conversion occurs most rapidlv at the surface 

 of the liquid, causing the formation of a tlnn fragile mem- 

 brane at that place (crystals of calcium carbonated Small 

 granules of lime also precipitate and constitute a part of the 

 sediment. Not infrequently these lime granules are im- 

 bedded in cylindrical masses of mucus that were molded in 

 the uriniferous tubules. This normal turbid urine has an 

 alkaline reaction. 



Clear urine of the h o r s e is always abnormal 

 and usually has an acid reaction ; upon cooling.' however, it 

 may become turbid. The turbidities consist of precipitated 

 phosphates, oxalate of lime, and crystals of gvpsum and uric 

 acid salts ; these dissolve upon heating the fluid. These salts 

 can be recognized by means of a microscopical examination. 



A b n o r m a 1 t u r b i d i t y may be due to the presence 

 of organized elements (cells) ; recognized by means of mic- 

 roscopical examination. 



In the ox, sheep and goat the normal urine is 

 clear when voided but becomes turbid on standing: precipita- 

 tion of monocarbonates. 



The urine of the dog is clear in health, becom- 

 ing slightly turbid after standing: due to precipitation of 

 uric acid salts. 



d. Consistency of urine. Normal urine of the horse 

 is a rather thickish. slimy, viscous fluid; the viscositv being 

 due to an admixture of mucine which occurs in the bladder. 

 Besides this the cast off epithelial cells undergo a process 



