URINARY APPARATUS. 191 



of urethra) ; in the horse and dog this examination is easy 

 and rehable. 



Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus. 



Passive hyperaemia of the kidneys occurs as a result of chronic 

 heart and lung troubles. Urine is decreased, sp. gr. increased, 

 albumin present. Symptoms more conspicuous after exertions. 



Acute diffuse nephritis. This is primary only in cases of 

 poisoning with irritating substances, otherwise it is a symptom 

 of severe infections. Dysuria, stranguria, pain in the- region of 

 the kidneys, stiff gait and crooked back. Considerable diminu- 

 tion of renal secretion (anuria), thick and viscid, turbid, high sp. 

 gr., acid, much albumin. Microscopic examination most important: 

 granular casts, renal epithclia and blood corpuscles. Stupefaction, 

 difficult breathing, oedematous swellings. 



Nephritis suppurativa. Secondary affection and usuallv of less 

 importance than the primary disease. Intermittent fever.' exhaus- 

 tion, emaciation, urine contains albumin, pus corpuscles and micro- 

 organisms. 



Chronic nephritis. No fever, develops very slowly. Anorexia, 

 exhaustion, emaciation. Pulse strong and hard, heart hypertro- 

 phied. Increased amount of urine, low sp. gr., amount of albumin 

 slight, few epithelial cells and casts. 



Cystitis, inflammation of the bladder. Continuous efforts to 

 urinate, hence small quantities or only a few drops are voided at 

 a time. Urination painful, restlessness, groaning, animals remain 

 for a long time in a "urinating attitude." Urine cloudy, alkaline, 

 slimy or purulent sediment, ammoniacal odor. Pus corpuscles, 

 red blood corpuscles, numerous pavement epithelia, phosphate of 

 ammonia and magnesia. 



Retentio urinae. Retention of urine. Complete (ischuria) or 

 partial suppression of urination; in the latter case it is voided in 

 drops and with symptoms of pain. Palpation of the bladder very 

 important: distention, pain on pressure. Animals indisposed, in- 

 active, do not lie down, appetite diminished, pulse increased, 

 sweating. After rupture of bladder has occurred the pains disap- 

 pear, animals feel more at ease, bladder is empty. Then come 

 chills, higii fever, urinous odor of transpired air. * • 



Incontinentia urinae. Paralysis of bladder. Involuntary flow 

 of urine, especially during motion. 



Hematuria is a chronic productive cystitis of the ox, with 

 tendency to hemorrhage. Blood corpuscles and clots in the urine. 



Hemoglobinuria of the ox. Hemoglobinemia. Fever, par- 

 tial loss of appetite, diarrhea. Urine light red to dark red, foams 

 readily, urination painful, reaction at first acid, later on alkaline, 

 contains hemoglobin, on boiling coagulates as gelatinous mass. 



Pyelonephritis bacteritica boum. This is a chronic purulent 

 inflammation of the ureters and pelvis of the kidneys which spreads 



