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212 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS. 



that one is in front, and the other behind the front leg of the 

 horse, then grasps the foot of the opposite side (at the meta- 

 carpus and from behind), forces the horse back a Httle to 

 relieve the foot in question, pulls it over and crosses it in 

 front of its opposite. 



Quiet and gentle animals will sometimes remain standing 

 in this position and even permit other insults, but from their 

 general attitude it is plain that the reason for all this is not 

 an abnormal mental state but rather extreme good naturedness. 

 Animals greatly fatigued may show symptoms of a depressed 

 sensorium, but they are always of short duration. 



A single symptom can never deter- 

 mine a diagnosis, we must consider the 

 animal's condition as a whole. 



II. Examination for Heaves. 



Heaves may be defined as a chronic, incurable disease of 

 the lungs or of the heart, characterized by difficult and la- 

 borious respiration. 



This definition is forensic in its sense, and includes a 

 number of chronic incurable diseases of the lungs and of the 

 heart that are attended with difficult respiration. As a rule 

 chronic bronchitis, alveolar emphysema of the lungs, chronic 

 interstitial pneumonia or heart disease constitute the anatom- 

 ical lesion at the bottom of heaves. Although it is frequently 

 possible to determine the exact nature of the anatomical le- 

 sion, it is customary, in Germany at least, to apply the term 

 "heaves" to all of these conditions, because "heaves" is con- 

 sidered as one of those diseases the presence of which is a 

 legal ground for the setting aside of a contract of sale and is 

 referred to under this name in all laws concerning it. 



The term "difficult and laborious respiration" is com- 

 parative in its sense, and in applying it we must always con- 



