122 



SKELETON OF THE OX 



of these, the frontal process turns upward and backward and joins the supraorbital 

 process of the frontal bone; the temporal process continues backward, and is over- 

 lapped by the z^-gomatic process of the temporal bone, completing the zygomatic 

 arch. 



The superior turbinal bone is less cribriform and fragile than in the horse, and 

 is thickest in its middle, small at either end. It is attached to the turbinal crest 

 of the nasal ])one, and curves downward, outward, and upward to be applied out- 

 wartUy to the frontal and lacrimal bones. It thus incloses a cavity which communi- 

 cates with the middle meatus nasi. (In the macerated skull it opens into the frontal 

 sinus, but this communication is closed by mucous membrane in the fresh state.) 



The inferior turbinal bone is shorter but much broader than in the horse. It 

 is attached to the maxilla by a basal lamella about an inch (ca. 2 to 3 cm.) wide, 

 which slopes downward and inward. At the inner edge of this it splits into two 

 plates which are rolled in opposite directions, and inclose two separate cavities, 

 subdivided by several septa. The upper one opens into the middle meatus, the 



lower one into the inferior meatus 

 nasi. 



The vomer forms a wider and 

 deeper groove than in the horse. Its 

 anterior end rests in a groove formed 

 by the ends of the palatine processes 

 of the premaxillse. The anterior third 

 of its thin lower edge fits into the 

 nasal crest of the maxilla; behind 

 this it is free and separated by a 

 considerable interval from the nasal 

 floor. 



The two halves of the mandible 

 do not fuse completely even in ad- 

 vanced age. The symphyseal sur- 

 faces are extremely rough and are 

 marked by reciprocal projections and 

 cavities. The body is shorter, wider, 

 and flatter than in the horse, and has 

 eight round and relatively shallow 

 alveoli for the lower incisors. The 

 interalveolar border is long, curved, 

 thin and sharp. There are no alveoli for the canine teeth, which are absent. 

 The anterior part of the ramus constitutes a long narrow neck. The mental 

 foramen is further forward than in the horse, and is in the posterior end 

 of a fossa. The rami diverge more, so that the submaxillary space is wider 

 than in the horse. They are also more strongly curved, and the angle is more 

 pronouncc^l. The molar part is not so high, esi^ecially in its anterior part. Its 

 lower border is convex in its length. Its uj^per border bears six alveoli for the 

 lower cheek teeth; the first is quite small, and they increase in size from before 

 backward. The vertical part is much smaller than in the horse and its posterior 

 border is relatively thin below, concave and wider above. The mandibular fora- 

 men is about in tiie middle of its inner surface, and a groove for the lingual nerve 

 curves downward and forward from it. Th(> condyle^ projects inward further than 

 in the horse, and is concave from side to side. The coronoid process is extensive 

 and curves backward. 



The hyoid bone has a short tuberous lingual process. The middle cornua 

 are almost as large as the small cornua. The great cornua are narrow, except 

 at the ends. The upper end divides into two branches, which correspond 



Fig. 94. — Hyoid Bone of Ox. 

 a, Body; b, lingual proces.s; c, thyroid cornu and 

 cartilage, c'; d, small cornu; e, middle cornu; /, great cornu; 

 g, muscular angle of /. (EUenberger-Baum, Anat. d 

 Haustiere.) 



