THE LARYNX 



459 



tween it and the nasal mucosa. The opening of the naso-lacrimal duct is not visi- 

 ble, as it is on the outer wall of the nostril, and is concealed by the cartilaginous 

 prolongation of the inferior turbinal. There are two parietal or lateral cartilages 

 on either side, united by fibrous tissue. The dorsal cartilages are thin laminae 

 which curve outward and downward from the dorsal margin of the septal cartilage; 

 they are prolongations of the nasal bones, and carry the alar cartilages on their 

 anterior extremities. The ventral pair are lateral continuations of the basal 

 lamellae of the inferior turbinals. They lie along the nasal processes of the pre- 

 maxilla^; anteriorly, they l^ecome thicker, turn a little upward, and each blends 

 with the cartilaginous prolongation of the upper coil of the inferior turbinal. The 

 alar cartilages are of peculiar form. The lamina is oblong, and curves outward and 

 downward from the anterior extremity of the dorsal parietal cartilage, with which 

 it is connected. The cornu springs from the outer part of the lamina and curves 

 outward and upward into the outer wing of the nostril; it carries on its extremity 

 a small transverse bar, thus having some resemblance to the fluke of an 

 anchor. 



The nasal cavity is short, wide anteriorly, narrow behind. It is not com- 

 pletely divided by the septum, which in 

 its posterior third is separated from the 

 floor of the cavity by an interval that in- 

 creases from before backward. The middle 

 meatus is very narrow, and divides pos- 

 teriorly into two branches; the upper divi- 

 sion leads to the ethmoidal meatuses, and 

 communicates with the frontal sinus and the 

 cavity of the superior turbinal. Anterior to 

 the division are communications with the 

 upper cavity of the ventral turbinal and 

 the maxillary sinus. The main facts in 

 regard to the sinuses were stated in the 

 osteology. 



THE LARYNX 



The larynx is more compact than in 

 the horse, and presents numerous differ- 

 ential features. The cricoid cartilage is 

 compressed laterally. The lamina is not 

 distinctly marked off from the arch; it 

 slopes downward and backward and has a 



large median ridge. The thyroid cartilage is complete ventrally, i. e., the laminae 

 are united throughout to form a long plate which is notched in front and behind; 

 the laryngeal prominence is small and is situated posteriorly. The height and 

 thickness of the cartilage increase from before backward. The posterior cornua 

 are about an inch long, and form syndesmoses with the cricoid cartilage; the 

 short anterior cornua unite similarly with the hyoid bone. The epiglottis is oval 

 in outline and its apex is rounded ; its base rests on the thyro-hyoid membrane, 

 to which it is rather loosely attached. The cuneiform cartilages are absent. 

 The arytenoid cartilages present only slight differences. The muscular process 

 is well developed, and the vocal process is narrow and long. The vocal cords 

 project very little from the wall, so that the rima glotticUs is wide; the vocal 

 ligament is attached ventrally to the crico-thyroid membrane; it has the form of 

 a half tube, open behind. The lateral ventricles are extremely shallow, and the 

 saccules are absent. The thyro-arytenoideus muscle is not divided; it is fan- 

 shaped, thick, and narrow dorsally; ventrally, it is attached to the base of the 



Fig. 364. — Muzzle op Ox. 



49, Naso-labial region; 4-5 > lower lip. (After Ellen- 



berger-Baum, Anat. fiir Kiinstier.) 



