DISEASE AMONG SWINE AND OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 37 



(still less frequent) even a few very small abscesses have been found imbedded in the 

 diseased substance of the liver. 



2. Morbid enlargement of the spleen or milt. I found this change in nearly every 

 case. In some cases the enlargement was not very conspicuous, but in others the spleen 

 was more than three times its natural size, was perfectly gorged with blcod, presented 

 a dark or blacli-browu color, and was so soft that a very slight pressure with a finger 

 ■was sufficient to sever its tissue. 



.3. In quite a large number of cases I found either one or both kidneys diseased and 

 enlarged, and presenting an inflamed appearance. In one case both kidneys and both 

 ureters exhibited a high degree of inflammation and considerable gangrenous destruc- 

 tion. The latter, however, was probably not a consequence of the disease; the ani- 

 mal had been drenched reiieatodly with oil of turpentine, and was the only one in 

 which I found any gangrene. In another animal, which, by the way, was already con- 

 valescent, and was killed by bleeding, I found one kidney enlarged to three times its 

 natural size, its pelvis very much distended, and its funnel-sbaped ureter dilated to 

 such an extent (where it proceeds from the kidney) as to present a diameter of nearly 

 one inch and a half. The walls of the ureter were very thick and callous, esi e -ially 

 at its anterior, funnel-shaped end, and the latter contained in its interior a serti-solid 

 fibrous substance, which occupied the whole cavity, and extended even into the kid- 

 ney. 



4. In some cases I found the membranes of the intestines or guts, but especially 

 those of the jejunum or small intestines, the coecum, and colon or larger intes- 

 tines, and also of the rectum, in a more or less inflamed and degenerated condi- 

 tion. In two cases a whole convolution of the jejunum had united to an almost 

 solid bunch. On openiug the latter I found in each case all three membranes, but 

 particularly the external or serous membrane and the internal or mucous mem- 

 brane verj' much swollen and degenerated, the passage neai-ly closed, and in a small 

 cavity in the center of the bunch one (in one case) and two (in the other) large 

 round worms (apparently Eehinorhynchus gigas) imbedded. In another case I found, be- 

 sides other morljid changes, a few round worms in the stomach, and in the mucous 

 membrane of the guts or intestines a large number of callous scars, such as are usually 

 left behind where the gigantic Eehinorhynchus or hook-headed worm has been fastening 

 itself These three cases are the only ones in which I have found any entozoa or worms 

 in the digestive canal. 



5. In almost every case I found larger or smaller portions of the peritoneum or serous 

 membrane, which lines the inner surface of the walls of the abdominal cavity and the 

 external surface of nearly every intestine, swelled, more or less inflamed, and morbidly 

 changed. In some cases even a coalescence between parts of the intestines, especially 

 of jejunum and rectum, and the walls of the abdominal cavity had been affected. In 

 one case a part of the jejunum had become firmly united to the lower border of the 

 right lobe of the liver, and in another the whole rectum adhered so firmly to the upper 

 wall of the pelvis and of the posterior part of the abdominal cavity, that it required 

 the use of the knife to efiect a separation. 



6. In every animal that had been aff"ected with the gastric-rheumatic form I found a 

 larger or smaller quantity of straw-colored water or serum, and small lumps and flakes 

 of coagulated fibrine in the abdominal cavity ; in some cases the quantity was quite 

 large, and in others comparatively small. 



As subordinate or complicated forms, I look upon such cases m which either one of 

 the principal forms — the catarrhal-rheumatic or the gastric-rheumatic — is essentially 

 modified by being complicated with an affection of tlie brain and its membranes, or 

 with a serious disorder of the lymphatic system. Two subordinate forms, therefore, 

 must be added. 



3. The cerebro-rheumatic form. — The same, though always blended with and 

 to a certain extent subordinate to, one of the principal forms, has been observed in a 

 large number of sick animals. The latter, besides exhibiting all the symptoms of one 

 or another of the two principal forms, shows also plain indications of a morbid affection 

 of the brain. The same consists principally in partial or perfect blindness, a very 

 staggering gait, and aimless movements in general. On openiug the skull I invariably 

 found more or less swelling in the membranes enveloping the brain, a larger or smaller 

 quantity of serum deposited inside of the dura mater (hai;d or external membrane), 

 the substance of the brain more or less softened, and the ventricles (small cavities) of 

 the brain tilled with serum. The other morbid changes found did not differ from those 

 described under the head of catarrhal-rheumatic or gastric-rheumatic forms respect- 

 ively. 



4. The lymphatic rheumatic form. — The same, too, has been observed quite 

 often, but always as a complication of one of the principal forms described — subdivisions 

 1 and 2. The whole morbid process presents a somewhat scrofulous character. The 

 lymphatic system is plainly affected ; tumors and ulcers, showing a scrofulous character, 

 are found in various parts of the body, but especially on the gums. Hence there can 

 be no doubt that such cases, although complicated and blended invariably to such an 



