76 



DISEASES OF MUSCLES AND TENDONS. 



Fig. 33. — Large (a) and small (b) hooks of 

 pork-measle tapeworm (Tcenia solium). 

 X 280. (After Leuckart.) 



also common to osseous cachexia and rachitis. Paralysis of the tongue 

 and of the lower jaw is of greater importance. In exceptional cases, where 

 the cysticerci are very numerous and penetrate the brain, signs of 

 encephalitis, vertigo, and turning sickness (gid, sturdy) may be produced. 

 These signs, however, disappear, and the cysticerci undergo atrophy. 

 Interference with movement may give rise to suspicion when the toes of 



the fore and hind limbs are 

 dragged along the ground, and 

 thus become worn. This pecu- 

 liarity is due to the presence 

 of cysts in the muscles of the 

 limbs, but it occurs in an al- 

 most identical form in osseous 

 cachexia. 



One symptom alone is 

 pathognomonic, and it appears 

 only at a very late stage — viz., the presence of cysts under the thin 

 mucous membranes which are accessible to examination, such as those 

 of the tongue and eye. 



Visual examination then reveals 

 beneath these mucous membranes 

 the presence of little greyish-white, 

 semi-transparent grains the size of 

 a grain of barley, or even larger. 

 Unfortunately, in an animal so diffi- 

 cult to handle as the pig, this visual 

 examination is decidedly troublesome, 

 and is usually replaced by palpa- 

 tion. In many instances the disease 

 does not attract attention during the 

 patient's life, and is only discovered 

 on slaughter in consequence of the 

 lesions by which it is characterised. 

 Diagnosis. As the characteristic 

 lesions of cysticercus disease are 

 to be found in the depths of the 

 muscular and connective tissues, and 

 as the external symptoms may be regarded as of doubtful significance, 

 the diagnosis can only be confirmed during life by manual examination 

 of the tongue. This examination of the tongue has been practised since the 

 earliest times. Aristophanes even speaks of it, and in the Middle Ages 

 it was performed under sworn guarantees. The regulations concerning 

 the inspection of meat have finally led to the suppression of this calling. 



Fig. 34. — Mature sexual segments of 

 pork-measle tapeworm (T^^wia solium), 

 showing the divided ovary on the pore 

 side, cj), Cirrus pouch ; gp, genital 

 pore ; n, nerve ; ov, ovary ; t, testicles ; 

 tc, transverse canal ; ut, uterus ; v, 

 vagina ; vc, ventral canal ; vd, vas 

 deferens ; vg, vitellogen^ gland. X 10. 

 (After Leuckart.) 



