HEMATURIA. 521 



sometimes also of the ureters. It is probable that some forms at least 

 of the condition will ultimately be proved to be due to the piroplasmata, 

 but in the present state of our knowledge the disease can only be 

 described from the clinical standpoint. The reader is recommended to 

 refer to the article on " Bovine Piroplasmosis," ante. 



Pichon in 1863 and Sinoir in 1864 introduced the name "hapma- 

 turia" in the course of their remarkable investigations concerning the 

 disease. Yigney in 1845 and Gillet in 1862 had previously described 

 it, and it has since formed the subject of constant researches. 



Detroye in 1891 termed it " essential haematuria," and Galtier in 

 1892 gave it the name of " hremorrhagic cystitis." Boudeaud in 1894 

 also used the term "haematuria of bovine animals." In Germany 

 the disease is known as "stallroth" (stable-red). 



Geographical distribution. Haematuria is a perfect scourge in cer- 

 tain countries. It seems to have made its appearance in the depart- 

 ments of the West of France, the Mayenne and the Sarthe, afterwards 

 spreading into the Maine-et-Loire and the Indre. At the present day, 

 it inflicts great ravages in the Creuze, the Correze, Haut-Yienne, 

 Cantal and Haute-Loire districts. It has been described in Germany, 

 Belgium, and Italy. These forms are probably due to Piroplasma 

 higcminum. 



Causation. The most varying opinions have been advanced regard- 

 ing its cause. Pichon believed its appearance was due to changes in 

 cultivation, which between 1830 and 1860 completely altered the general 

 appearance of the country and the conditions of breeding in the old 

 province of Maine. Land reclamations and the use of lime dressings 

 have been mentioned, as well as the introduction of the Durham breed 

 of cattle. Sinoir practically adopts the latter view, for he considers that 

 the crossing with the Durham breed, while increasing the precocity, has 

 diminished the powers of resistance of the indigenous cattle. 



But in course of time these ideas have become modified, and in- 

 vestigation has taken a new direction. Detroye regarded the disease as 

 a microbic and easily transmissible disorder, while Galtier in the follow- 

 ing year described it as merely a chronic haemorrhagic cystitis, produced 

 by the consumption of irritant plants in animals previously suffering 

 from distomatosis. In Germany, Arnold attributed " stallroth " to 

 coccidia developing in the epithelium of the vesical mucous membrane. 



Cruzel considered the disease to be due entirely to poor feeding. 

 Boudeaud thought the same. He says that haematuria affected one- 

 tenth of the whole of the oxen in the south of the Indre and the north 

 of the Creuze, in parts where the arable soil is thin and poor in phos- 

 phoric acid. Furthermore, he suggests that dressings with lime and 

 phosphates would result in the disappearance of haematuria. 



