798 ARTHROPODA phylum vii 



pair sometimes elongated and adapted for springing ; cerci short or of moderate size ; 

 abdominal segments without lateral lohes. Females of some species with a well-developed 

 ovipositor. 



This Palet)zoic group is apparently intermediate in position between the Palaeo- 

 dictyoptera and Orthoptera proper. There are iipwards of ninety known species, 

 about twenty of wliich occur in the Goal Measures of North America, and forty in 

 the Permian of Kansas. The following named families have been distinguished : 



Spanioderidae, of which the genus Spaniodera Handl. (Fig. 1536) is an example, 

 Isclmoneuridae, Cnemidolestidae, Prototettigidae, Homalophlebidae, Protokollariidae, 

 Schuchertiellidae, Pachytylopsidae, Caloneuridae, Stenaropodidae, Oedischiidae (with 

 well-developed jumping legs as shown in Oedischia Brongn.) (Fig. 1537), Omalidae, 

 Geraridae, Sthenaroceridae, Apithanidae, Cacurgidae, and Narkemidae. 



Order 5. ORTHOPTERA Olivier. 



Mouth parts well developed, mandihulate} Wings unequal, capahle of heing folded 

 backwards over the abdomen. Fore wings coriaceous^ with numerous cross-veins, and the 

 principal longitudinal veins, with most of their branches, directed towards the outer 

 margin. Bind wings thinner, delicately veined, with a large, plicated anal area. 

 Prothorax saddle-shaped ; hind legs generally saltatorial. 



The Orthoptera are Insects of comparatively large size. The largest of existing 

 Insects are included within this order, and none of its members is so small as are 

 many minute representatives of other Orders. Modern forms include grasshoppers, 

 locusts, green grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets. 



Suborder A. LOCUSTOIDEA Leach. (Locusts and Crickets). 



_ Cubital area in the fore wings of the male (in most modern forms) modified into 

 stndulating organs ; anterior tibiae with auditory organ ; tarsi three- or four-jointed ; 



antennae long and slender, consisting of 

 more than thirty segments; female almost 

 always with well developed ovipositor. 



The earliest known members of this 

 suborder are found in the Lias of 

 Europe, and belong to the extinct 

 families of Locustopsidae and Elcanidae 

 (the latter typified by the genus Elcana 

 ^'"•1538. Giebel) (Fig. 1538). Apparently no 



MeÄr'l\?uTLoclsYXÄ^ stridulating organs were developed, but 



oceiii partiy restored. 10/3 (after Handiirsch). ^ the Elcanidae lamellar appendages 



tibiap bv mpoT,« r.f X.- 1 ^i^ • ^^^^ ^^^^ observed on the posterior 



Ä wateTo. li . ; ^ects were probably able to ambulate on the surface 

 Wae The T T^ "^''V^' "^^^^"^^ °^ ''^' l^^-g Tridactylidae and 

 hoS and Crvlbd. ' P VTs ^'''j''^^'^ -«^« true Locustidae (Gieen Grass- 

 SÄeand^^v^o^^^^ ""l'^ stridulating organs, and the families Tri- 



aactyhdae and Giyllotalpidae make their appearance in the early Tertiary. Remains 



.na^ilfaClr 5, rS^^Vi^iiircthüt' IT'' • ^^ TT* ^^^^ ^" ^^^^^^ «^ --^^^^-' ^ 

 that some of the mouth Parts are a tul u^^^^^^^^ ^"""'^"'^ ^^ ' ^^''^^ *^' ^"'"^ '""^^^^^^ ^"^P^^^'^ 



or protects, a more minuitdlel^^SCIp^^^^^^^^^^ '" ' ^^°'^"^^' "^'^^^ '''''''' 



