142 Effect of External Influences. 



by the provision of wooden planks. The floor surface must be 

 rough enough to afford the animals a solid footing. 



The walls of the stable should be provided to a height of 6 feet 

 with an unpenetrable, washable covering, which however should 

 not be dark as was customary in the past, in order to hide the ac- 

 cumulated dirt, but should be light in order that dirt may be readily 

 seen and removed. 



The stable ceiling should be separated from the feed loft 

 situated above it, by an air space, and should be whitewashed, the 

 same as the walls. In order that it should be impervious to the sta- 

 ble odors, the ceiling on the inside of the stable should be covered 

 with minerally treated pasteboard. The air space between the 

 ceiling and feed loft should communicate with the outside air. 



Angles and corners should be rounded off, in order to prevent 

 the accumulation of dust. 



In large herds the erection of several small separated stables 

 should be given preference to a large single stable for all animals. 

 Each of the stables should be made for 16 to 20 animals. The 

 advantages of the smaller buildings are manifested in better pos- 

 sibilities of ventilation, the easier removal of manure, cheaper con- 

 struction of the roofs, less excitement for the animals, and better 

 possibility of caring for and feeding the individuals. Against these 

 advantages the absence of close supervision, which is afforded by 

 the large stable, is not material (Schuppli). 



The animals should be placed in rows in such a way that the 

 light may strike them from the side or from the rear. 



In order to provide a great amount of light, high, broad win- 

 dows and transparent instead of only translucent window glass 

 should be installed, the total lighting surface of which should 

 amount to at least one-twentieth of the floor space of the stable 

 (according to Schlossmann the comparison should not be much less 

 than one-fifth). 



Placing the animals face to face should be avoided on account 

 of the danger of infection with tuberculosis, or this danger should 

 at least be diminished by broadening the passages. 



The windows should commence from 5 to 6 feet from the floor. 

 Artificial illumination should be provided for; transoms assist in 

 the airing of the stable by allowing ingress of natural atmosphere. 



The ventilation should be calculated so that the air of the sta- 

 ble should not contain more than 3:1000 (Marker), or 1:1000 

 (Schlossmann) carbonic acid. According to Schlossmann a cow 

 weighing 1,100 Ibs. produces 12.71 cubic feet of carbonic acid, 

 which would have to be diluted by 1,000 times its quantity of in- 

 troduced air in order to contain only 1 :1000 of the required quan- 

 tity in the air. This introduction of air is made possible by three 

 changes of air per hour, without permitting a disturbing draught. 

 Therefore, according to Schlossmann, the air space in a stable for 

 cows weighing 1,100 Ibs. must be 12,710 :72=176.5 cubic feet. Gen- 



