Stable Construction. 



erally however, on account of economic grounds a much smaller 

 air space has to answer the purpose. Schuppli even believes that 

 a reduction of air space below the ordinary 70 to 88 cubic feet of 

 air per animal would be permissible when the ventilation system 

 is working properly, and is satisfied with 42 cubic feet per animal 

 when the ventilation provides for sufficient renewal of air. 



The supply of air is provided by wide shafts which take the 

 air from the outside at a height of three feet, lead it up through 

 the wall and expel it from the stable ceiling into the stable. The 

 foul air escapes through an opening close to the stable floor of one 

 or more discharge shafts, which are carried to the highest point of 

 the stable ceiling, or sideways from the median line upwards and 

 outwards. The total capacity of the discharge shafts should be 

 somewhat smaller than the capacity of the supply shafts. 



In intensive ventilation, especially when the air space provided 

 for each cow is considerable, heating of the stable might become 

 necessary, a provision which of course could not be considered for 

 the ordinary, medium-sized or even larger establishments. 



Well-installed transom ventilators, if sufficient attention is 

 given to their operation, would supply the desired change of air 

 even without heating, and at the same time maintain the desired 

 temperature of 16 to 18 C. If heating is provided the air sup- 

 ply shafts should open over the heaters. 



In providing stalls, from the standpoint of cleanliness only 

 the so-called Holland type of stable floor should be recommended 

 for dairy stables. The principle on which these are built consists 

 of rather short standing space with broad, deep drainage trough 

 in the rear. The urine and manure falls into this trough, and 

 soiling of the animal is thereby prevented while the contamination 

 of the bedding is minimal. 



Among objections to the Holland type of stables, it is sometimes claimed that the 

 animals cannot move sufficiently and that such stabling constitutes a cruelty to the 

 animals, etc. The best proofs against these objections without doubt, are the facts that 

 in countries which are in the highest state of agricultural development this method of 

 stabling has been practiced for a long time, and the animals soon get used to this method 

 of stabling without suffering in their general condition or being affected in their milk 

 production. 



In the Holland method the tails of the animals are tied with a 

 cord in such a way that while the animal stands its tail hangs in 

 a natural position, but when lying down the tail is kept elevated 

 so that it cannot be submerged in the contents of the drain. 



The cords are tied to a rod which runs near the ceiling, parallel 

 with the row of cows, or the cords, with weights attached, are 

 allowed to hang over this rod. 



The shortness of the stalls of course requires a low feeding 

 trough, over which the animals may extend their heads while lying 

 down. In order that the animals may not annoy each other, the 

 individuals are separated by means of partitions, which extend 



